Changes for page Resolution concerning the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE)

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 . This section outlines a possible statistical treatment of particular groups of workers. Some of the groups represent subcategories or disaggregations of one of the specific ICSE-93 categories. Others may cut across two or more of these categories. Countries may need and be able to distinguish one or more of the groups, in particular group (a), and may also create other groups according to national requirements:
--* (a) Owner-managers of incorporated enterprises are workers who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise, in which they: (a) alone, or together with other members of their families or one or a few partners, hold controlling ownership of the enterprise; and (b) have the authority to act on its behalf as regards contracts with other organizations and the hiring and dismissal of persons in "paid employment" with the same organization, subject only to national legislation regulating such matters and the rules established by the elected or appointed board of the organization. Different users of labour market, economic and social statistics may have different views on whether these workers are best classified as in "paid employment" (cf. paragraph 6) or as in "self-employment' (cf. paragraph 7), because these workers receive part of their remuneration in a way similar to persons in 'paid employment' while their authority in and responsibility for the enterprise corresponds more to persons in "self-employment", and in particular to employers'. (Note, for example, that to classify them as “employees" will be consistent with their classification in the “System of National Accounts", while they may be best classified as “employers" or “own-account workers” for labour market analysis.) Countries should, therefore, according to the needs of users of their statistics and their data collection possibilities, endeavour to identify this group separately. This will also facilitate international comparisons.
--* () Regular employees with fixed-term contracts are “regular employees” (cf. paragraph 8) whose contract of employment specifies a particular date of termination.
--* () Regular employees with contracts without limits of time are 'regular employees' (cf. paragraph 8) who have contracts which only can be terminated for specified causes such as incompetence, serious misconduct, or for economic reasons according to national legislation or custom.
--* () Workers in precarious employment can either: (a) be workers whose contract of employment leads to the classification of the incumbent as belonging to the groups of “casual workers” (cf. item (e)), “short-term workers" (cf. item (f)) or “seasonal workers" (cf. item (g)); or (b) be workers whose contract of employment will allow the employing enterprise or person to terminate the contract at short notice and/or at will, the specific circumstances to be determined by national legislation and custom.
--* () Casual workers are workers who have an explicit or implicit contract of employment which is not expected to continue for more than a short period, whose duration is to be determined by national circumstances. These workers may be classified as being "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) or ”own-account workers" (cf. paragraph 10) according to the specific characteristics of the employment contract.
--* () Workers in short-term employment are workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of employment which are expected to last longer than the period used to define “casual workers" (cf. item (e)), but shorter than the one used to define "regular employees" (cf. paragraph 8). These workers may be classified as "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) or 'own-account workers' (cf. paragraph 10) according to the specific characteristics of the employment contract.
--* () Workers in seasonal employment are workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of employment where the timing and duration of the contract is significantly influenced by seasonal factors such as the climatic cycle, public holidays and/or agricultural harvests. These workers may be classified as "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) or "own-account workers" (cf. paragraph 10) according to the specific characteristics of the employment contract.
--* () Outworkers are workers who: (a) hold explicit or implicit contracts of employment under which they agree to work for a particular enterprise, or to supply a certain quantity of goods or services to a particular enterprise, by prior arrangement or contract with that enterprise; but (b) whose place of work is not within any of the establishments which make up that enterprise. These workers may be classified as being in "paid employment" (cf. paragraph 6) or in "self-employment" (cf. paragraph 7) according to the specific terms of their contract. They may be classified as "employers" if they engage other workers on terms as described in paragraph 9.
--* () Contractors are workers who: (a) have registered with the tax authorities (and/or other relevant bodies) as a separate business unit responsible for the relevant forms of taxes, and/or who have made arrangements so that their employing organization is not responsible for relevant social security payments, and/or the contractual relationship is not subject to national labour legislation applicable to e.g. 'regular employees' (cf. paragraph 9); but who (b) hold explicit or implicit contracts which correspond to those of 'paid employment'. These workers may be classified as in a 'self-employment' job (cf. paragraph 7) or as in a 'paid employment' job (cf. paragraph 6) according to national circumstances.
--* () Workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of 'paid employment' (cf. paragraph 6) from one organization, but who work at the site of and/or under instructions from a second organization which pays the first organization a fee for their services, may be classified separately from other "employees", and according to whether the primary organization is a temporary work agency or another type of enterprise.
--* () Work gang (crew) members are workers who are members of a group of workers who have been engaged as a group on terms corresponding to those of 'paid employment' and where the employing organization has entered into a contract only with the crew leader or with an organizing agent for the crew, and not with the individual worker.
--* () Countries may need and be able to classify separately workers participating in public or private employment promotion or job training schemes on terms of employment which correspond to 'paid employment' jobs. This group of workers may be designated employment promotion employees. Workers who receive support from such schemes to establish their own business should be classified as being in a "self-employment" job (cf. paragraph 7) as “employer" (cf. paragraph 9) or “own-account worker" (cf. paragraph 10) as appropriate.
--* () According to national circumstances countries may decide to classify as apprentices or trainees, workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of “paid employment" which specify that all or part of their remuneration should be in the form of training for a trade or profession. When identifying apprentice and trainee employees separately, countries may also need and be able to distinguish between those who hold a formal training contract and follow a formal programme combining work experience with practical and theoretical instruction, and those who do not.
--* () Employers of regular employees are those "employers" who during the reference period have engaged at least one person to work for them in their business on explicit or implicit terms such that this person will be classified as having a job as a "regular employee" as defined under paragraph 8.
--* () Core own-account workers are those "own-account workers" (cf. paragraph 10) who work predominantly for the market independently of specific conditions imposed by the suppliers of credit, raw materials, etc., or of one main customer, and who rent or own their own equipment and other means of production.
--* () Franchisees are workers who have explicit or implicit contracts with the owners of certain means of production (land, buildings, machinery, trade marks, etc.), holders of operational licences or suppliers of credit, which to a significant extent determine how the business is operated and require the payment of a specific part of total sales. "Franchisees" who engage "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) on a continuous basis should be classified as "employers" (cf. paragraph g).
--* () Sharecroppers are workers who hold a 'self-employment' job (cf. paragraph 7) and in this capacity have explicit or implicit contracts with the owners of certain means of production (land, buildings, machinery, etc.) or suppliers of credit or raw materials, which to a significant extent determine how the business is operated and require the payment of a part of total production.
--* () Communal resource exploiters are workers who hold a "self-employment" job (cf. paragraph 7) and in this capacity use a natural resource (e.g. land, fishing grounds, hunting and gathering areas) to which there are no individual property rights, but for which their community or the State may have certain management responsibilities.
--* () Subsistence workers are workers who hold a "self-employment' job (cf. paragraph 7) and in this capacity produce goods or services which are predominantly consumed by their own household and constitute an important basis for its livelihood.
--* () Countries may need and be able to supplement a national classification by status in employment with the type of organization with which they are employed, in particular whether 'employees' are employed in the private or the public sector, or whether the employing organization is partly owned by foreign individuals or organizations (a "joint venture") or fully owned by foreigners.
++* Owner-managers of incorporated enterprises are workers who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise, in which they: (a) alone, or together with other members of their families or one or a few partners, hold controlling ownership of the enterprise; and (b) have the authority to act on its behalf as regards contracts with other organizations and the hiring and dismissal of persons in "paid employment" with the same organization, subject only to national legislation regulating such matters and the rules established by the elected or appointed board of the organization. Different users of labour market, economic and social statistics may have different views on whether these workers are best classified as in "paid employment" (cf. paragraph 6) or as in "self-employment' (cf. paragraph 7), because these workers receive part of their remuneration in a way similar to persons in 'paid employment' while their authority in and responsibility for the enterprise corresponds more to persons in "self-employment", and in particular to employers'. (Note, for example, that to classify them as “employees" will be consistent with their classification in the “System of National Accounts", while they may be best classified as “employers" or “own-account workers” for labour market analysis.) Countries should, therefore, according to the needs of users of their statistics and their data collection possibilities, endeavour to identify this group separately. This will also facilitate international comparisons.
++* Regular employees with fixed-term contracts are “regular employees” (cf. paragraph 8) whose contract of employment specifies a particular date of termination.
++* Regular employees with contracts without limits of time are 'regular employees' (cf. paragraph 8) who have contracts which only can be terminated for specified causes such as incompetence, serious misconduct, or for economic reasons according to national legislation or custom.
++* Workers in precarious employment can either: (a) be workers whose contract of employment leads to the classification of the incumbent as belonging to the groups of “casual workers” (cf. item (e)), “short-term workers" (cf. item (f)) or “seasonal workers" (cf. item (g)); or (b) be workers whose contract of employment will allow the employing enterprise or person to terminate the contract at short notice and/or at will, the specific circumstances to be determined by national legislation and custom.
++* Casual workers are workers who have an explicit or implicit contract of employment which is not expected to continue for more than a short period, whose duration is to be determined by national circumstances. These workers may be classified as being "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) or ”own-account workers" (cf. paragraph 10) according to the specific characteristics of the employment contract.
++* Workers in short-term employment are workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of employment which are expected to last longer than the period used to define “casual workers" (cf. item (e)), but shorter than the one used to define "regular employees" (cf. paragraph 8). These workers may be classified as "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) or 'own-account workers' (cf. paragraph 10) according to the specific characteristics of the employment contract.
++* Workers in seasonal employment are workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of employment where the timing and duration of the contract is significantly influenced by seasonal factors such as the climatic cycle, public holidays and/or agricultural harvests. These workers may be classified as "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) or "own-account workers" (cf. paragraph 10) according to the specific characteristics of the employment contract.
++* Outworkers are workers who: (a) hold explicit or implicit contracts of employment under which they agree to work for a particular enterprise, or to supply a certain quantity of goods or services to a particular enterprise, by prior arrangement or contract with that enterprise; but (b) whose place of work is not within any of the establishments which
++* make up that enterprise. These workers may be classified as being in "paid employment" (cf. paragraph 6) or in "self-employment" (cf. paragraph 7) according to the specific terms of their contract. They may be classified as "employers" if they engage other workers on terms as described in paragraph 9.
++* Contractors are workers who: (a) have registered with the tax authorities (and/or other relevant bodies) as a separate business unit responsible for the relevant forms of taxes, and/or who have made arrangements so that their employing organization is not responsible for relevant social security payments, and/or the contractual relationship is not subject to national labour legislation applicable to e.g. 'regular employees' (cf. paragraph 9); but who (b) hold explicit or implicit contracts which correspond to those of 'paid employment'. These workers may be classified as in a 'self-employment' job (cf. paragraph 7) or as in a 'paid employment' job (cf. paragraph 6) according to national circumstances.
++* Workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of 'paid employment' (cf. paragraph 6) from one organization, but who work at the site of and/or under instructions from a second organization which pays the first organization a fee for their services, may be classified separately from other "employees", and according to whether the primary organization is a temporary work agency or another type of enterprise.
++* Work gang (crew) members are workers who are members of a group of workers who have been engaged as a group on terms corresponding to those of 'paid employment' and where the employing organization has entered into a contract only with the crew leader or with an organizing agent for the crew, and not with the individual worker.
++* Countries may need and be able to classify separately workers participating in public or private employment promotion or job training schemes on terms of employment which correspond to 'paid employment' jobs. This group of workers may be designated employment promotion employees. Workers who receive support from such schemes to establish their own business should be classified as being in a "self-employment" job (cf. paragraph 7) as “employer" (cf. paragraph 9) or “own-account worker" (cf. paragraph 10) as appropriate.
++* According to national circumstances countries may decide to classify as apprentices or trainees, workers who hold explicit or implicit contracts of “paid employment" which specify that all or part of their remuneration should be in the form of training for a trade or profession. When identifying apprentice and trainee employees separately, countries may also need and be able to distinguish between those who hold a formal training contract and follow a formal programme combining work experience with practical and theoretical instruction, and those who do not.
++* Employers of regular employees are those "employers" who during the reference period have engaged at least one person to work for them in their business on explicit or implicit terms such that this person will be classified as having a job as a "regular employee" as defined under paragraph 8.
++* Core own-account workers are those "own-account workers" (cf. paragraph 10) who work predominantly for the market independently of specific conditions imposed by the suppliers of credit, raw materials, etc., or of one main customer, and who rent or own their own equipment and other means of production.
++* Franchisees are workers who have explicit or implicit contracts with the owners of certain means of production (land, buildings, machinery, trade marks, etc.), holders of operational licences or suppliers of credit, which to a significant extent determine how the business is operated and require the payment of a specific part of total sales. "Franchisees" who engage "employees" (cf. paragraph 8) on a continuous basis should be classified as "employers" (cf. paragraph g).
++* Sharecroppers are workers who hold a 'self-employment' job (cf. paragraph 7) and in this capacity have explicit or implicit contracts with the owners of certain means of production (land, buildings, machinery, etc.) or suppliers of credit or raw materials, which to a significant extent determine how the business is operated and require the payment of a part of total production.
++* Communal resource exploiters are workers who hold a "self-employment" job (cf. paragraph 7) and in this capacity use a natural resource (e.g. land, fishing grounds, hunting and gathering areas) to which there are no individual property rights, but for which their community or the State may have certain management responsibilities.
++* Subsistence workers are workers who hold a "self-employment' job (cf. paragraph 7) and in this capacity produce goods or services which are predominantly consumed by their own household and constitute an important basis for its livelihood.
++* Countries may need and be able to supplement a national classification by status in employment with the type of organization with which they are employed, in particular whether 'employees' are employed in the private or the public sector, or whether the employing organization is partly owned by foreign individuals or organizations (a "joint venture") or fully owned by foreigners.
  = V. Classification of persons =