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32 32  
33 33  3. In order to promote the coherence and integration of statistics from different sources on multiple characteristics of work relationships, the resolution provides:
34 34  
35 -* an overarching conceptual framework for statistics on work relationships;
36 -* a revised International Classification of Status in Employment (to be designated ICSE-18);
37 -* an International Classification of Status at Work as a reference classification covering all forms of work;
38 -* a set of cross-cutting variables and categories that are not reflected in the status at work categories, in order to provide information on characteristics associated with the degree of stability and permanence of a particular work arrangement, and allow the identification of particular groups of policy interest; and
39 -* operational concepts, definitions and guidelines for the collection and compilation of statistics on status in employment and the cross-cutting variables.
35 +* (a) an overarching conceptual framework for statistics on work relationships;
36 +* (b) a revised International Classification of Status in Employment (to be designated ICSE-18);
37 +* (c) an International Classification of Status at Work as a reference classification covering all forms of work;
38 +* (d) a set of cross-cutting variables and categories that are not reflected in the status at work categories, in order to provide information on characteristics associated with the degree of stability and permanence of a particular work arrangement, and allow the identification of particular groups of policy interest; and
39 +* (e) operational concepts, definitions and guidelines for the collection and compilation of statistics on status in employment and the cross-cutting variables.
40 40  
41 41  4. The characteristics of jobs and work activities that are relevant and of interest for statistics on work relationships vary depending on the form of work and on the analytical purposes of the statistics. Some of the concepts, variables, classification schemes and categories described in these standards are relevant, therefore, only for certain forms of work. Others should be applied to all forms of work.
42 42  
43 43  5. Each country should aim to develop its statistics on work relationships in order to provide an adequate information base for a wide range of descriptive and analytical purposes, taking account of specific national needs and circumstances, in order to provide information on:
44 44  
45 -* the nature of the economic risks and authority experienced by workers, the strength and nature of their attachment to the economic unit in which they work, and the impact of economic and social changes on their employment situation;
46 -* the impact of government policies in relation to employment creation, promotion of enterprise, and labour market regulation on the nature of jobs and the quality of employment;
47 -* the extent to which engagement in employment and participation in other forms of work provide access to social protection and income security;
48 -* wages, earnings and labour costs;
49 -* the fiscal impact of employment in various types of work relationships;
50 -* socio-economic status;
51 -* the volume of work or labour inputs for national production accounts, separately for workers employed for pay and workers employed for profit;
52 -* participation in different types of work relationships among population groups such as women and men, young people, children, migrants and other groups of particular policy concern; and
53 -* the relationships between different forms of work arrangements and their economic and social outcomes.
45 +* (a) the nature of the economic risks and authority experienced by workers, the strength and nature of their attachment to the economic unit in which they work, and the impact of economic and social changes on their employment situation;
46 +* (b) the impact of government policies in relation to employment creation, promotion of enterprise, and labour market regulation on the nature of jobs and the quality of employment;
47 +* (c) the extent to which engagement in employment and participation in other forms of work provide access to social protection and income security;
48 +* (d) wages, earnings and labour costs;
49 +* (e) the fiscal impact of employment in various types of work relationships;
50 +* (f) socio-economic status;
51 +* (g) the volume of work or labour inputs for national production accounts, separately for workers employed for pay and workers employed for profit;
52 +* (h) participation in different types of work relationships among population groups such as women and men, young people, children, migrants and other groups of particular policy concern; and
53 +* (i) the relationships between different forms of work arrangements and their economic and social outcomes.
54 54  
55 55  6. In developing statistics on work relationships, countries should endeavour to apply these standards to assess trends and differences for the purpose of labour market, economic and social analysis and to facilitate international comparability.
56 56  
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62 62  
63 63  8. A job or **work activity** is defined as a set of tasks and duties performed, or meant to be performed, by one person for a single economic unit:
64 64  
65 -* The term //job// is used in reference to employment. This statistical unit, when relating to own-use production work, unpaid trainee work and volunteer work is referred to as //work activity.//
66 -* Persons may have one or several jobs during a given reference period. In cases of multiple job-holding, the **main job** is that with the longest hours usually worked, as defined in the current international statistical standards on working time.
67 -* Those employed as independent workers have as many jobs as the economic units they own or co-own, irrespective of the number of clients served.
68 -* For those employed as dependent workers the set of tasks should be considered to be performed for the economic unit on which the worker is dependent and a separate job defined for each economic unit on which the worker is dependent.
69 -* Separate work activities are defined when a person is engaged in both own-use production of goods and own-use provision of services for the same household. This allows the identification of work activities within and beyond the production boundary in the System of National Accounts (SNA).
70 -* Since statistics on work relationships refer primarily to characteristics of jobs or work activities in specific economic units, persons may have as many work relationships as they have jobs or work activities in economic units.
71 -* Two characteristics of jobs and work activities are relevant to differentiate them according to status at work and status in employment, and to arrange them into aggregate groups. These are the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise in relation to the work performed and the type of economic risk to which the worker is exposed.
65 +* (a) The term //job// is used in reference to employment. This statistical unit, when relating to own-use production work, unpaid trainee work and volunteer work is referred to as //work activity.//
66 +* (b) Persons may have one or several jobs during a given reference period. In cases of multiple job-holding, the **main job** is that with the longest hours usually worked, as defined in the current international statistical standards on working time.
67 +* (c) Those employed as independent workers have as many jobs as the economic units they own or co-own, irrespective of the number of clients served.
68 +* (d) For those employed as dependent workers the set of tasks should be considered to be performed for the economic unit on which the worker is dependent and a separate job defined for each economic unit on which the worker is dependent.
69 +* (e) Separate work activities are defined when a person is engaged in both own-use production of goods and own-use provision of services for the same household. This allows the identification of work activities within and beyond the production boundary in the System of National Accounts (SNA).
70 +* (f) Since statistics on work relationships refer primarily to characteristics of jobs or work activities in specific economic units, persons may have as many work relationships as they have jobs or work activities in economic units.
71 +* (g) Two characteristics of jobs and work activities are relevant to differentiate them according to status at work and status in employment, and to arrange them into aggregate groups. These are the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise in relation to the work performed and the type of economic risk to which the worker is exposed.
72 72  
73 73  == Type of authority ==
74 74  
75 -1. The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent.//
75 +The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent.//
76 76  
77 77  Independent workers
78 78  
79 -1. Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities. They make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit and the organization of their work. They may work on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide work for others.
79 +Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities. They make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit and the organization of their work. They may work on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide work for others.
80 80  
81 81  Entrepreneurs
82 82  
83 -1. Entrepreneurs are workers who create work for themselves and potentially for others by establishing and operating an enterprise. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in employment provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating employment opportunities for themselves or for others.
83 +Entrepreneurs are workers who create work for themselves and potentially for others by establishing and operating an enterprise. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in employment provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating employment opportunities for themselves or for others.
84 84  
85 85  Dependent workers
86 86  
87 -1. Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. If they are in employment for profit they have no employees, and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they work.
87 +Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. If they are in employment for profit they have no employees, and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they work.
88 88  
89 89  == Type of economic risk ==
90 90  
91 -1. //Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
92 -1. Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
93 -11. the existence and nature of remuneration for the work performed;
94 -11. the circumstances in which the job or work activity may be terminated; and
95 -11. the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the job.
96 -1. In statistics on employment, the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in employment for profit //or// in employment for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular job. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected: 
97 -11. in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
98 -11. based on time worked;
99 -11. by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
100 -11. as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
91 +//Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
101 101  
93 +Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
94 +
95 +* the existence and nature of remuneration for the work performed;
96 +* the circumstances in which the job or work activity may be terminated; and
97 +* the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the job.
98 +* In statistics on employment, the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in employment for profit //or// in employment for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular job. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected: 
99 +** in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
100 +** based on time worked;
101 +** by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
102 +** as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
103 +
102 102  Workers in employment for profit
103 103  
104 -1. //Workers in employment for profit// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time worked.
105 -1. Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from workers in employment for profit. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
106 +//Workers in employment for profit// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time worked.
106 106  
108 +Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from workers in employment for profit. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
109 +
107 107  Workers in employment for pay
108 108  
109 -1. Workers in employment for pay are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time worked or for each piece or service produced. They include both employees and owner-operators of corporations who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
112 +Workers in employment for pay are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time worked or for each piece or service produced. They include both employees and owner-operators of corporations who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
110 110  
111 111  = The International Classification of Status  in Employment (ICSE-18) =
112 112  
113 -1. The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
114 -1. Both hierarchies for status in employment, based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from labour force surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
116 +The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
115 115  
118 +Both hierarchies for status in employment, based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from labour force surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
119 +
116 116  == International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) ==
117 117  
118 -1. ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
122 +ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
119 119  
120 120  //Independent workers// are classified into the following groups:
121 121  
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