Changes for page Revised draft resolution concerning statistics on work relationships

Last modified by Artur K. on 2026/05/29 14:28

From 1.3 to 2.1 From 2.35 to 2.36

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edited by Helena K.
on 2026/01/15 17:05

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To version 2.35

edited by Helena K.
on 2026/01/15 22:26

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  * (c) Those employed as independent workers have as many jobs as the economic units they own or co-own, irrespective of the number of clients served.
  * (d) For those employed as dependent workers the set of tasks should be considered to be performed for the economic unit on which the worker is dependent and a separate job defined for each economic unit on which the worker is dependent.
  * (e) Separate work activities are defined when a person is engaged in both own-use production of goods and own-use provision of services for the same household. This allows the identification of work activities within and beyond the production boundary in the System of National Accounts (SNA).
--* (f) Since statistics on work relationships refer primarily to characteristics of jobs or work activities in specific economic units, persons may have as many work relationships as they have jobs or work activities in economic units.
--* (g) Two characteristics of jobs and work activities are relevant to differentiate them according to status at work and status in employment, and to arrange them into aggregate groups. These are the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise in relation to the work performed and the type of economic risk to which the worker is exposed.
--== Type of authority  ==
++9. Since statistics on work relationships refer primarily to characteristics of jobs or work activities in specific economic units, persons may have as many work relationships as they have jobs or work activities in economic units.
--The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent.//
++10. Two characteristics of jobs and work activities are relevant to differentiate them according to status at work and status in employment, and to arrange them into aggregate groups. These are the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise in relation to the work performed and the type of economic risk to which the worker is exposed.
--Independent workers
++== Type of authority ==
--Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities. They make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit and the organization of their work. They may work on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide work for others.
++~11. The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent.//
--Entrepreneurs
++=== Independent workers ===
--Entrepreneurs are workers who create work for themselves and potentially for others by establishing and operating an enterprise. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in employment provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating employment opportunities for themselves or for others.
++12. Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities. They make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit and the organization of their work. They may work on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide work for others.
--Dependent workers
++=== Entrepreneurs ===
--Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. If they are in employment for profit they have no employees, and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they work.
++13. Entrepreneurs are workers who create work for themselves and potentially for others by establishing and operating an enterprise. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in employment provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating employment opportunities for themselves or for others.
++=== Dependent workers ===
++
++14. Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. If they are in employment for profit they have no employees, and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they work.
++
  == Type of economic risk ==
--//Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
++15. //Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
--Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
++16. Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
--* the existence and nature of remuneration for the work performed;
--* the circumstances in which the job or work activity may be terminated; and
--* the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the job.
--* In statistics on employment, the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in employment for profit //or// in employment for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular job. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected:
--** in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
--** based on time worked;
--** by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
--** as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
++* (a) the existence and nature of remuneration for the work performed;
++* (b) the circumstances in which the job or work activity may be terminated; and
++* (c) the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the job.
--Workers in employment for profit
++17. In statistics on employment, the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in employment for profit //or// in employment for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular job. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected:
--//Workers in employment for profit// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time worked.
++* (a) in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
++* (b) based on time worked;
++* (c) by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
++* (d) as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
--Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from workers in employment for profit. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
++=== Workers in employment for profit ===
--Workers in employment for pay
++18. //Workers in employment for profit// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time worked.
--Workers in employment for pay are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time worked or for each piece or service produced. They include both employees and owner-operators of corporations who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
++19. Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from workers in employment for profit. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
--= The International Classification of Status  in Employment (ICSE-18) =
++=== Workers in employment for pay ===
--The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
++20. Workers in employment for pay are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time worked or for each piece or service produced. They include both employees and owner-operators of corporations who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
--Both hierarchies for status in employment, based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from labour force surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
++= The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) =
++21. The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
++
++22. Both hierarchies for status in employment, based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from labour force surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
++
  == International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) ==
--ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
++23. ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
  //Independent workers// are classified into the following groups:
--1.
--11. Employers
--111. – Employers in corporations
--111. – Employers in household market enterprises
--11. Independent workers without employees
--111. – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
--111. – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
++A. Employers
++11 – Employers in corporations
++
++12 – Employers in household market enterprises
++
++B. Independent workers without employees
++
++21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
++
++22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
++
  //Dependent workers// are classified into the following groups:
--1.
--11. Dependent contractors
++C. Dependent contractors
 – Dependent contractors
--1.
--11. Employees
--111. – Permanent employees
--111. – Fixed-term employees
--111. – Short-term and casual employees
--111. – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
--11. Contributing family workers
++D. Employees
++41 – Permanent employees
++
++42 – Fixed-term employees
++
++43 – Short-term and casual employees
++
++44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
++
++E. Contributing family workers
++
 – Contributing family workers
--1. This classification hierarchy is suitable for various types of labour market analysis, including analysis of the impact of economic cycles on the labour market, and of government policies related to employment creation and regulation.
--1. The classification according to type of authority is also the most suitable hierarchy for use as an input variable in the compilation of statistics classified by socio-economic status.
++24. This classification hierarchy is suitable for various types of labour market analysis, including analysis of the impact of economic cycles on the labour market, and of government policies related to employment creation and regulation.
--== Classification of Status in Employment according  to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R) ==
++25. The classification according to type of authority is also the most suitable hierarchy for use as an input variable in the compilation of statistics classified by socio-economic status.
--1. ICSE-18-R provides a dichotomy between employment for pay and employment for profit. This latter dichotomy is analogous to the traditional distinction between paid employment and self-employment, used for example in the SNA.
++== Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R) ==
++26. ICSE-18-R provides a dichotomy between employment for pay and employment for profit. This latter dichotomy is analogous to the traditional distinction between paid employment and self-employment, used for example in the SNA.
++
  //Workers in employment for profit// are classified into the following groups:
--1.
--11. Independent workers in household market enterprises
++F. Independent workers in household market enterprises
 – Employers in household market enterprises
 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
--                                        C.    Dependent contractors
++C. Dependent contractors
 – Dependent contractors
--                                        E.    Contributing family workers
++E. Contributing family workers
 – Contributing family workers
  //Workers in employment for pay// are classified into the following groups:
--1.
--11. Owner-operators of corporations
++G. Owner-operators of corporations
 – Employers in corporations
 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
--                                        D.    Employees
++D. Employees
--1.
--11.
--111. – Permanent employees
--111. – Fixed-term employees
--111. – Short-term and casual employees
--111. – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
--1. This classification hierarchy is suitable for the provision of data for national accounts, for the identification of wage employment and its distribution, and for the production and analysis of statistics on wages, earnings and labour costs.
++41 – Permanent employees
++42 – Fixed-term employees
++
++43 – Short-term and casual employees
++
++44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
++
++27. This classification hierarchy is suitable for the provision of data for national accounts, for the identification of wage employment and its distribution, and for the production and analysis of statistics on wages, earnings and labour costs.
++
  = Definitions and explanatory notes for categories in the two hierarchies of the International Classification of Status in Employment =
--==      A.       Employers ==
++== A. Employers ==
--1. Employers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities on their own account or in partnership with others, and in this capacity employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to work as an employee for at least one hour per week. In statistics on employment, they include:
--11. – Employers in corporations
--11. – Employers in household market enterprises
--1. Employers include those who have employees on a regular basis and those who have employees only on an occasional basis. Employers who have employees on a regular basis are those who usually have at least one employee for at least one hour each week. Employers who have an employee on an occasional basis, have employees less frequently than every week. Statistics on employers may be compiled either for those who have employees on a regular basis, or for all employers. When statistics are collected for all employers, those employers who have employees on a regular basis should, where possible, be identified separately from those who have them only on an occasional basis.
++28. Employers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities on their own account or in partnership with others, and in this capacity employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to work as an employee for at least one hour per week. In statistics on employment, they include:
--1. – Employers in corporations
--11. //Employers in corporations// are workers who are owner-operators of corporations in which they employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to work as an employee for at least one hour per week.
--1. – Employers in household market enterprises
--11. //Employers in household market enterprises// are workers who, alone or with one or more partners, operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, and who, employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to work in that enterprise as an employee for at least one hour per week.
++11 – Employers in corporations
--== B.        Independent workers without employees ==
++12 – Employers in household market enterprises
--**32. **//Independent workers without employees //operate an economic unit alone or in partnership with others, and do not employ any persons other than themselves, their partners, and contributing family workers to work in the economic unit. In statistics on employment they include:
++29. Employers include those who have employees on a regular basis and those who have employees only on an occasional basis. Employers who have employees on a regular basis are those who usually have at least one employee for at least one hour each week. Employers who have an employee on an occasional basis, have employees less frequently than every week. Statistics on employers may be compiled either for those who have employees on a regular basis, or for all employers. When statistics are collected for all employers, those employers who have employees on a regular basis should, where possible, be identified separately from those who have them only on an occasional basis.
--1. – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
--1. – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
++=== 11 – Employers in corporations ===
--1. – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
--11. //Owner-operators of corporations without employees// are workers who hold a job as owneroperator of a corporation in which they do not, employ any persons (other than themselves, their partners and contributing family workers) to work in the enterprise as an employee.
--1. – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
--11. Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees are workers who operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, alone or with one or more partners or contributing family workers, and do not employ any persons to work in the enterprise as an employee.
++30. //Employers in corporations// are workers who are owner-operators of corporations in which they employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to work as an employee for at least one hour per week.
--== F. Independent workers in household  market enterprises ==
++12 – Employers in household market enterprises
--**35. **Independent workers in household market enterprises are workers who operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, alone or with one or more partners or contributing family workers. They may or may not be able to provide a complete set of accounts for the activities of the enterprise. They include:
++31. //Employers in household market enterprises// are workers who, alone or with one or more partners, operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, and who, employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding themselves, their partners and family helpers) to work in that enterprise as an employee for at least one hour per week.
++== B. Independent workers without employees ==
++
++32. //Independent workers without employees //operate an economic unit alone or in partnership with others, and do not employ any persons other than themselves, their partners, and contributing family workers to work in the economic unit. In statistics on employment they include:
++
++21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
++
++22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
++
++=== 21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees ===
++
++33. //Owner-operators of corporations without employees// are workers who hold a job as owneroperator of a corporation in which they do not, employ any persons (other than themselves, their partners and contributing family workers) to work in the enterprise as an employee.
++
++=== 22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees ===
++
++34. Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees are workers who operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, alone or with one or more partners or contributing family workers, and do not employ any persons to work in the enterprise as an employee.
++
++== F. Independent workers in household market enterprises ==
++
++35. Independent workers in household market enterprises are workers who operate an unincorporated market enterprise for profit, alone or with one or more partners or contributing family workers. They may or may not be able to provide a complete set of accounts for the activities of the enterprise. They include:
++
 – Employers in household market enterprises
 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
--== G.  Owner-operators of corporations ==
++== G. Owner-operators of corporations ==
--1. //Owner-operators of corporations// are workers who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise (such as a limited liability corporation, limited partnership, incorporated cooperative), in which they:
--11. hold controlling ownership of the enterprise alone, or together with other members of their families and/or one or a few partners, or other members of the cooperative; and
--11. have the authority to act on behalf of the enterprise with respect to contracts with other organizations and the hiring and dismissal of employees, subject to national legislation regulating such matters and the rules established by the elected or appointed board of the enterprise.
--1. Owner-operators of corporations include:
++36. //Owner-operators of corporations// are workers who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise (such as a limited liability corporation, limited partnership, incorporated cooperative), in which they:
++* (a) hold controlling ownership of the enterprise alone, or together with other members of their families and/or one or a few partners, or other members of the cooperative; and
++* (b) have the authority to act on behalf of the enterprise with respect to contracts with other organizations and the hiring and dismissal of employees, subject to national legislation regulating such matters and the rules established by the elected or appointed board of the enterprise.
++
++37. Owner-operators of corporations include:
++
 – Employers in corporations
 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
--==  3. Dependent contractors ==
++== 3. Dependent contractors ==
--1. //Dependent contractors //are workers employed for profit, usually by way of a commercial transaction, who are dependent on another entity that directly benefits from the work performed by them and exercises explicit or implicit control over their activities. Their dependency may be of an operational nature, for example through organization of the work or control over access to the market, and/or of an economic nature such as through control over the price for the goods or services produced, or access to raw materials or capital items. The economic units on which they depend may be market or non-market units and include corporations, governments and non-profit institutions.
--1. Some or all of the following characteristics apply to dependent contractors:
--11. their work may be organized or supervised by another economic unit as a client, or as an entity that mediates access to clients;
--11. they have an arrangement for the delivery of goods or services to a separate entity (of the nature of a commercial transaction);
--11. their actual working arrangements or conditions may closely resemble those of employees;
--11. the entity engaging the worker does not withhold income tax for the worker;
--11. the worker is responsible for arranging his or her own social insurance and other social contributions (according to national circumstances); and (f) the mode of payment is by way of a commercial transaction.
--1. Excluded from dependent contractors are workers who:
--11. have a contract of employment (formal, informal, or implicit) with the entity on which they are dependent;
--11. employ one or more other persons to work for them as an employee; or
--11. operate an incorporated enterprise.
--1. Two subgroups of dependent contractors may be identified if feasible and relevant in the national context:
--11. workers who provide their labour to others but have contractual arrangements corresponding to those of self-employment; and
--11. workers who own and operate their own business, or have committed significant financial or material assets, but do not have full control or authority over their work.
--1. Identification of the two subgroups of dependent contractors requires additional information on the nature of the financial or material resources committed by the worker.
++38. //Dependent contractors //are workers employed for profit, usually by way of a commercial transaction, who are dependent on another entity that directly benefits from the work performed by them and exercises explicit or implicit control over their activities. Their dependency may be of an operational nature, for example through organization of the work or control over access to the market, and/or of an economic nature such as through control over the price for the goods or services produced, or access to raw materials or capital items. The economic units on which they depend may be market or non-market units and include corporations, governments and non-profit institutions.
++39. Some or all of the following characteristics apply to dependent contractors:
++
++* (a) their work may be organized or supervised by another economic unit as a client, or as an entity that mediates access to clients;
++* (b) they have an arrangement for the delivery of goods or services to a separate entity (of the nature of a commercial transaction);
++* (c) their actual working arrangements or conditions may closely resemble those of employees;
++* (d) the entity engaging the worker does not withhold income tax for the worker;
++* (e) the worker is responsible for arranging his or her own social insurance and other social contributions (according to national circumstances); and
++* (f) the mode of payment is by way of a commercial transaction.
++
++40. Excluded from dependent contractors are workers who:
++
++* (a) have a contract of employment (formal, informal, or implicit) with the entity on which they are dependent;
++* (b) employ one or more other persons to work for them as an employee; or
++* (c) operate an incorporated enterprise.
++
++41. Two subgroups of dependent contractors may be identified if feasible and relevant in the national context:
++
++* (a) workers who provide their labour to others but have contractual arrangements corresponding to those of self-employment; and
++* (b) workers who own and operate their own business, or have committed significant financial or material assets, but do not have full control or authority over their work.
++
++42. Identification of the two subgroups of dependent contractors requires additional information on the nature of the financial or material resources committed by the worker.
++
  == 4. Employees ==
--1. //Employees// are workers employed for pay, on a formal or informal basis, who do not hold controlling ownership of the economic unit in which they are employed. They are remunerated in cash or in kind in return for time worked or, in some cases, for each task or piece of work done or for services provided including sales (by the piece or commission). Payment for time worked is the typical mode of remuneration. Payment in kind is generally received in the form of goods. Where payment is received in the form of services, this is generally complementary to payment in cash.
--1. Employees may be employed in market units, non-market units and households producing goods and/or services mainly for own consumption. They may hold shares in the economic unit in which they are employed, or have authority over aspects of the operations of the economic unit as employees with management responsibilities, but do not hold controlling ownership of the enterprise.
--1. Employees include workers who have been engaged on terms corresponding to those of paid employment when the employing organization has entered into a contract only with an intermediary such as a crew leader or organizing agent, and not with the individual worker.
--1. Employees may be further disaggregated according to the nature of the contractual arrangements for employment, the degree of permanency of the employment relationship and the stability of the working time available to the employee, to form the following groups:
--11. – Permanent employees
--11. – Fixed-term employees
--11. – Short-term and casual employees
--11. – Paid trainees, apprentices and interns
++43. //Employees// are workers employed for pay, on a formal or informal basis, who do not hold controlling ownership of the economic unit in which they are employed. They are remunerated in cash or in kind in return for time worked or, in some cases, for each task or piece of work done or for services provided including sales (by the piece or commission). Payment for time worked is the typical mode of remuneration. Payment in kind is generally received in the form of goods. Where payment is received in the form of services, this is generally complementary to payment in cash.
--1. – Permanent employees
--11. //Permanent employees //are employees who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work and are employed on an ongoing or indefinite basis. They are full-time or part-time workers employed for pay, in formal or informal jobs, who have employment arrangements whereby:
--111. there is no specified date or event on which the employment will be terminated other than any age or time for retirement that may apply in the economic unit concerned;
--111. the employer agrees to provide work and pay for a specified number of hours or to pay for the number of goods or services produced in a set period; and
--111. the worker agrees to work for at least the specified number of hours, or for the time required to produce a specified number of goods or services. // //
--1. – Fixed-term employees
--11. //Fixed-term employees// are employees who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work and are employed on a time-limited basis for a period of three months or more. They are full-time or part-time workers employed for pay, in formal or informal jobs, who have arrangements whereby:
--111. there is a specified date, other than any age or time for retirement, on which the employment will be terminated, or an event such as the end of the harvest or completion of a construction or other project, which will lead to termination of employment;
--111. the total duration of the employment is expected to be at least three months from the first day of employment to the expected final day of employment;
--111. the employer agrees to provide work and pay for a specified number of hours, or to pay for the number of goods or services produced, in a set period; and
--111. the worker agrees to work for at least the specified number of hours, or for the time required to produce a specified number of goods or services. // //
--11. Fixed-term employees include:
--111. employees with fixed-term contracts of employment with a duration greater than three months; and
--111. employees without formal arrangements or contracts when it is understood that the employment will have a duration of at least three months but not of an indefinite nature.
--11. Paid apprentices, trainees and interns with fixed-term employment arrangements are excluded from this group.
--1. – Short-term and casual employees
--11. Short-term and casual employees are employees with short-term employment arrangements and/or without a guaranteed minimum number of hours of work per pay period. They are workers employed for pay, in formal or informal jobs, who have arrangements whereby: (a) there is no guarantee to offer work or to perform work during a set period; or
++44. Employees may be employed in market units, non-market units and households producing goods and/or services mainly for own consumption. They may hold shares in the economic unit in which they are employed, or have authority over aspects of the operations of the economic unit as employees with management responsibilities, but do not hold controlling ownership of the enterprise.
--(b) the arrangement is of a short-term nature, with a duration of less than three months from the first day of employment to the expected final day of employment.
++45. Employees include workers who have been engaged on terms corresponding to those of paid employment when the employing organization has entered into a contract only with an intermediary such as a crew leader or organizing agent, and not with the individual worker.
--1.
--11. Employment in this category may provide flexibility for workers who need to balance employment with family responsibilities, education, or other forms of work but may also entail insecurity of income and employment.
--11. This category includes two groups which may be separately identified if relevant in national circumstances: //short-term employees //and //casual and intermittent employees~://
--111. //short-term employees //are those who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work and are employed on a time-limited basis with an expected duration of less than three months. They include:
--1111. employees with contracts of employment with a duration of less than three months;
--1.
--11.
--111.
--1111. employees without formal arrangements or contracts when it is understood that the employment will be of a duration of less than three months; and
--111. //casual and intermittent employees //are those who have no guarantee of employment for a certain number of hours during a specified period but may have arrangements of an ongoing or recurring nature. Depending on national circumstances and specific contractual arrangements pertaining to the job, this group includes employees engaged on a casual or intermittent basis, workers on zero-hours contracts, employees who are only paid when called in to work, and workers hired on a day-to-day basis.
--11. Unless the total duration of the employment arrangement is less than three months, short-term and casual employees exclude:
--111. workers with on-call working-time arrangements who are guaranteed a specified amount of employment per pay period; and
--111. workers who are guaranteed to be offered work and to be paid for at least one hour per week.
--1. – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
--11. Paid apprentices, trainees and interns are employees who perform any activity to produce goods or provide services for others, in order to acquire workplace experience or skills in a trade or profession, and receive payment in return for work performed. Acquiring “workplace experience or skills” may occur through traditional, formal or informal arrangements whether or not a specific qualification or certification is issued. They are usually remunerated at a reduced rate compared to fully qualified workers. They include persons involved in:
--111. paid formal or informal traineeships, apprenticeships, internships or other types of programmes, according to national circumstances; and
--111. paid skills training or retraining schemes within employment promotion programmes, when engaged in the production process of the economic unit for which they work.
--11. They exclude workers who are:
--111. undergoing periods of probation associated with the start of a job;
--111. undertaking general on-the-job training or life-long learning while in employment, including in market and non-market units owned by household or family members; and
--111. working without pay in market or non-market units owned by household or family members.
++46. Employees may be further disaggregated according to the nature of the contractual arrangements for employment, the degree of permanency of the employment relationship and the stability of the working time available to the employee, to form the following groups:
--==      E. Contributing family workers ==
++41 – Permanent employees
--**57. **//Contributing family workers// assist a family member or household member in a market-oriented enterprise operated by the family or household member, or in a job in which the assisted family or household member is an employee or dependent contractor. They do not receive regular payments, such as a wage or salary, in return for the work performed, but may benefit in kind or receive irregular payments in cash as a result of the outputs of their work through family or intra-household transfers, derived from the profits of the enterprise or from the income of the other person. They do not make the most important decisions affecting the enterprise or have responsibility for it.
++42 – Fixed-term employees
++43 – Short-term and casual employees
++
++44 – Paid trainees, apprentices and interns
++
++=== 41 – Permanent employees ===
++
++47. //Permanent employees //are employees who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work and are employed on an ongoing or indefinite basis. They are full-time or part-time workers employed for pay, in formal or informal jobs, who have employment arrangements whereby:
++
++* (a) there is no specified date or event on which the employment will be terminated other than any age or time for retirement that may apply in the economic unit concerned;
++* (b) the employer agrees to provide work and pay for a specified number of hours or to pay for the number of goods or services produced in a set period; and
++* (c) the worker agrees to work for at least the specified number of hours, or for the time required to produce a specified number of goods or services.
++
++=== 42 – Fixed-term employees ===
++
++48. //Fixed-term employees// are employees who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work and are employed on a time-limited basis for a period of three months or more. They are full-time or part-time workers employed for pay, in formal or informal jobs, who have arrangements whereby:
++
++* (a) there is a specified date, other than any age or time for retirement, on which the employment will be terminated, or an event such as the end of the harvest or completion of a construction or other project, which will lead to termination of employment;
++* (b) the total duration of the employment is expected to be at least three months from the first day of employment to the expected final day of employment;
++* (c) the employer agrees to provide work and pay for a specified number of hours, or to pay for the number of goods or services produced, in a set period; and
++* (d) the worker agrees to work for at least the specified number of hours, or for the time required to produce a specified number of goods or services.
++
++49. Fixed-term employees include:
++
++* (a) employees with fixed-term contracts of employment with a duration greater than three months; and
++* (b) employees without formal arrangements or contracts when it is understood that the employment will have a duration of at least three months but not of an indefinite nature.
++
++50. Paid apprentices, trainees and interns with fixed-term employment arrangements are excluded from this group.
++
++=== 43 – Short-term and casual employees ===
++
++51. Short-term and casual employees are employees with short-term employment arrangements and/or without a guaranteed minimum number of hours of work per pay period. They are workers employed for pay, in formal or informal jobs, who have arrangements whereby:
++
++* (a) there is no guarantee to offer work or to perform work during a set period; or
++* (b) the arrangement is of a short-term nature, with a duration of less than three months from the first day of employment to the expected final day of employment.
++
++52. Employment in this category may provide flexibility for workers who need to balance employment with family responsibilities, education, or other forms of work but may also entail insecurity of income and employment.
++
++53. This category includes two groups which may be separately identified if relevant in national circumstances: //short-term employees //and //casual and intermittent employees~://
++
++* (a) //short-term employees //are those who are guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work and are employed on a time-limited basis with an expected duration of less than three months. They include:
++** {{{(i)}}} employees with contracts of employment with a duration of less than three months;
++** (ii) employees without formal arrangements or contracts when it is understood that the employment will be of a duration of less than three months; and
++* (b) //casual and intermittent employees //are those who have no guarantee of employment for a certain number of hours during a specified period but may have arrangements of an ongoing or recurring nature. Depending on national circumstances and specific contractual arrangements pertaining to the job, this group includes employees engaged on a casual or intermittent basis, workers on zero-hours contracts, employees who are only paid when called in to work, and workers hired on a day-to-day basis.
++
++54. Unless the total duration of the employment arrangement is less than three months, short-term and casual employees exclude:
++
++* (a) workers with on-call working-time arrangements who are guaranteed a specified amount of employment per pay period; and
++* (b) workers who are guaranteed to be offered work and to be paid for at least one hour per week.
++
++=== 44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns ===
++
++55. Paid apprentices, trainees and interns are employees who perform any activity to produce goods or provide services for others, in order to acquire workplace experience or skills in a trade or profession, and receive payment in return for work performed. Acquiring “workplace experience or skills” may occur through traditional, formal or informal arrangements whether or not a specific qualification or certification is issued. They are usually remunerated at a reduced rate compared to fully qualified workers. They include persons involved in:
++
++* (a) paid formal or informal traineeships, apprenticeships, internships or other types of programmes, according to national circumstances; and
++* (b) paid skills training or retraining schemes within employment promotion programmes, when engaged in the production process of the economic unit for which they work.
++
++They exclude workers who are:
++
++* (a) undergoing periods of probation associated with the start of a job;
++* (b) undertaking general on-the-job training or life-long learning while in employment, including in market and non-market units owned by household or family members; and
++* (c) working without pay in market or non-market units owned by household or family members.
++
++== E. Contributing family workers ==
++
++57.** **//Contributing family workers// assist a family member or household member in a market-oriented enterprise operated by the family or household member, or in a job in which the assisted family or household member is an employee or dependent contractor. They do not receive regular payments, such as a wage or salary, in return for the work performed, but may benefit in kind or receive irregular payments in cash as a result of the outputs of their work through family or intra-household transfers, derived from the profits of the enterprise or from the income of the other person. They do not make the most important decisions affecting the enterprise or have responsibility for it.
++
  = International Classification of Status at Work (ICSaW-18) =
--1. The International Classification of Status at Work (ICSaW-18) provides an organizing framework for statistics classified by status at work from various sources. It is not expected that all of its categories will be collected with the same frequency, or used for the presentation of statistics from any particular source. It covers all jobs and work activities in all forms of work, including own-use production work, employment, unpaid trainee work, volunteer work and other forms of work. It comprises, at its most detailed level, 20 mutually exclusive categories, defined on the basis of the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise and the type of economic risk to which he or she is exposed in a particular job or work activity.
--1. The detailed status at work categories may be aggregated, based on the type of authority exercised by the worker, to form eight broad status-at-work groups which may be aggregated to form a dichotomy between dependent workers and independent workers, according to the following hierarchy.
++58. The International Classification of Status at Work (ICSaW-18) provides an organizing framework for statistics classified by status at work from various sources. It is not expected that all of its categories will be collected with the same frequency, or used for the presentation of statistics from any particular source. It covers all jobs and work activities in all forms of work, including own-use production work, employment, unpaid trainee work, volunteer work and other forms of work. It comprises, at its most detailed level, 20 mutually exclusive categories, defined on the basis of the type of authority that the worker is able to exercise and the type of economic risk to which he or she is exposed in a particular job or work activity.
--                              **I.     Independent workers**
++59. The detailed status at work categories may be aggregated, based on the type of authority exercised by the worker, to form eight broad status-at-work groups which may be aggregated to form a dichotomy between dependent workers and independent workers, according to the following hierarchy.
--                              ~1.     Employers
++**I. Independent workers**
--1.
--11. – Employers in corporations
--11. – Employers in household market enterprises
--11. – Employers in own-use provision of services
--11. – Employers in own-use production of goods
++~1. Employers
--                         2.     Independent workers without employees
++11 – Employers in corporations
++12 – Employers in household market enterprises
++13 – Employers in own-use provision of services
++14 – Employers in own-use production of goods
--1. – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
--1. – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
--1. – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without employees
--1. – Independent workers in own-use production of goods without employees
--1. – Direct volunteers
++ 2. Independent workers without employees
++21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
++
++22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
++23 – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without employees
++24 – Independent workers in own-use production of goods without employees
++25 – Direct volunteers
++
  **D. Dependent workers**
--1. Dependent contractors
++3. Dependent contractors
 – Dependent contractors
--1. Employees
--11. – Permanent employees
--11. – Fixed-term employees
--11. – Short-term and casual employees
--11. – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
--1. Family helpers
--11. – Contributing family workers
--11. – Family helpers in own-use provision of services
--11. – Family helpers in own-use production of goods
--1. Unpaid trainee workers
++4. Employees
++41 – Permanent employees
++42 – Fixed-term employees
++43 – Short-term and casual employees
++44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns
++
++5. Family helpers
++
++51 – Contributing family workers
++52 – Family helpers in own-use provision of services
++53 – Family helpers in own-use production of goods
++
++6. Unpaid trainee workers
++
 – Unpaid trainee workers
--1. Organization-based volunteers
++7. Organization-based volunteers
 – Organization-based volunteers
--                         9.     Other unpaid workers
++9. Other unpaid workers
 – Other unpaid workers
--1. Each of the detailed status at work groups in ICSaW-18 relates to only one form of work. The groups that relate to employment have the same definitions as in ICSE-18. The aggregate groups that include both employment and other forms of work, have a broader scope in ICSaW-18 than in ICSE-18-A and in some cases are assigned a different name.
--1. Subsets of the detailed categories in ICSaW-18 may be used to present statistics on work relationships in own-use production work, employment, volunteer work, child labour and time-use on a conceptually consistent basis, regardless of the scope and source of the statistics. The categories for own-use production work and volunteer work may be aggregated according to the form of work as follows:
--11. Workers in own-use production
--111. Workers in own-use provision of services
++60. Each of the detailed status at work groups in ICSaW-18 relates to only one form of work. The groups that relate to employment have the same definitions as in ICSE-18. The aggregate groups that include both employment and other forms of work, have a broader scope in ICSaW-18 than in ICSE-18-A and in some cases are assigned a different name.
--13 – Employers in own-use provision of services
++61. Subsets of the detailed categories in ICSaW-18 may be used to present statistics on work relationships in own-use production work, employment, volunteer work, child labour and time-use on a conceptually consistent basis, regardless of the scope and source of the statistics. The categories for own-use production work and volunteer work may be aggregated according to the form of work as follows:
++* (a) Workers in own-use production
++** {{{(i)}}} Workers in own-use provision of services
++
++13 – Employers in own-use provision of services
 – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without employees
++52 – Family helpers in own-use provision of services
--1.
--11.
--111.
--1111. – Family helpers in own-use provision of services
--111. Workers in own-use production of goods
++*
++** (ii) Workers in own-use production of goods
 – Employers in own-use production of goods
--
 – Independent workers in own-use production of goods without employees
++52 – Family helpers in own-use production of goods
--1.
--11.
--111.
--1111. – Family helpers in own-use production of goods
--11. Volunteer workers
++* (b) Volunteer workers
 – Direct volunteers
--
 – Organization-based volunteers
--= Definitions of the categories in ICSaW-18  that are not included in ICSE-18 =
++== Definitions of the categories in ICSaW-18 that are not included in ICSE-18 ==
--1. – Employers in own-use provision of services
--11. //Employers in own-use provision of services// are workers who perform any activity to provide services mainly for own final use, and employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding other members of their household) during the reference period as a domestic employee. They may sell part of these services to others, for example, by looking after children from other households for pay or barter, at the same time as mainly looking after their own children.
--1. – Employers in own-use production of goods
--11. //Employers in own-use production of goods// are workers who, during the reference period, employed one or more persons in return for payment in cash or in kind (including temporarily absent employees but excluding other members of their household) to produce goods mainly for consumption by the employer’s own household. A part or surplus of the goods intended mainly for own consumption may be sold or bartered.
++=== 13 – Employers in own-use provision of services ===
--1. – Independent workers in own-use provision  of services without employees
--11. //Independent workers in own-use provision of services// //without employees// are workers who perform any activity to provide services for own final use, but did not, during the reference period, employ any persons to work as a domestic employee. They may sell part of these services to others, for example by looking after children from other households for pay or barter, at the same time as mainly looking after their own children.
--1. – Independent workers in own-use production  of goods without employees
--11. //Independent workers in own-use production of goods// //without employees// are workers who, on their own account or with one or more partners, perform any activity to produce goods for own final use who do not, during the reference period, employ any persons to produce goods for pay in cash or in kind. A part or surplus of the goods intended mainly for own consumption may be sold or bartered.
--1. – Direct volunteers
--11. //Direct volunteers// are workers who, on their own account or in partnership with others, and independently of any organization or community group, perform any unpaid, noncompulsory activity to produce goods or provide services for other households.
++//Employers in own-use provision of services// are workers who perform any activity to provide services mainly for own final use, and employ one or more persons (including temporarily absent employees but excluding other members of their household) during the reference period as a domestic employee. They may sell part of these services to others, for example, by looking after children from other households for pay or barter, at the same time as mainly looking after their own children.
--(a) Excluded from this group are workers who:
++=== 14 – Employers in own-use production of goods ===
--1.
--11.
--111. perform non-compulsory work without remuneration through or for organizations comprising market and non-market units, including self-help, mutual aid or community-based groups of which the worker is a member; and
--111. produce goods or services for consumption by members of the worker’s own household or family.
++//Employers in own-use production of goods// are workers who, during the reference period, employed one or more persons in return for payment in cash or in kind (including temporarily absent employees but excluding other members of their household) to produce goods mainly for consumption by the employer’s own household. A part or surplus of the goods intended mainly for own consumption may be sold or bartered.
++=== 23 – Independent workers in own-use provision of services without employees ===
++
++//Independent workers in own-use provision of services// //without employees// are workers who perform any activity to provide services for own final use, but did not, during the reference period, employ any persons to work as a domestic employee. They may sell part of these services to others, for example by looking after children from other households for pay or barter, at the same time as mainly looking after their own children.
++
++=== 24 – Independent workers in own-use production of goods without employees ===
++
++//Independent workers in own-use production of goods// //without employees// are workers who, on their own account or with one or more partners, perform any activity to produce goods for own final use who do not, during the reference period, employ any persons to produce goods for pay in cash or in kind. A part or surplus of the goods intended mainly for own consumption may be sold or bartered.
++
++25 – Direct volunteers
++
++//Direct volunteers// are workers who, on their own account or in partnership with others, and independently of any organization or community group, perform any unpaid, noncompulsory activity to produce goods or provide services for other households.
++
++* (a) Excluded from this group are workers who:
++* perform non-compulsory work without remuneration through or for organizations comprising market and non-market units, including self-help, mutual aid or community-based groups of which the worker is a member; and
++* produce goods or services for consumption by members of the worker’s own household or family.
++
  == 5. Family helpers ==
  **67. **//Family helpers// are workers who assist a family or household member in the production of goods or provision of services for household consumption, in a market-oriented enterprise operated by that person, or in a job held by that person as an employee or dependent contractor. They do not make the most important decisions affecting the economic unit and do not have responsibility for it. They may benefit from the outputs of their work in cash or in kind through intra-household transfers but do not receive an agreed wage or salary.
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
 . unpaid apprentices, trainees and interns;
 . workers performing unpaid compulsory activities; (iii) direct volunteers.
--==      9. Other unpaid workers ==
++== 9. Other unpaid workers ==
  **72. **//Other unpaid workers// are workers who cannot be classified in any other groups in the International Classification of Status at Work. They include workers performing activities such as unpaid community service and unpaid work by prisoners, when ordered by a court or similar authority, and unpaid military or civilian service.
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@
  **84. **Information on full-time/part-time status, usual hours worked and contractual hours of work should be collected in accordance with the most recent international standards for statistics on working time (currently the 18th ICLS Resolution concerning the measurement of working time). Information on contractual hours of work is required to determine whether employees have arrangements that provide a guaranteed minimum number of hours of work, and is essential for derivation of the subcategories of employees.
--== Main reason for non-permanent employment  ==
++== Main reason for non-permanent employment ==
 . //Main reason for non-permanent employment// refers to the main reason why an employed person does not have a permanent work contract or arrangement. Statistics on the reason for non-permanent employment should be collected for all employees classified as fixed-term, or as short-term and casual employees. Such statistics should also be collected for dependent contractors if relevant for national purposes.
 . Statistical outputs on the main reason for non-permanent employment should include at least the following categories:
@@ -515,14 +515,14 @@
 . Type of employment agreement should not be used directly to measure informality, since workers with oral agreements can be subject to social protection, and workers with written contracts may or may not meet the criteria for formality.
 . At a minimum, categories for “written contract” and “oral agreement” should be used in statistical outputs. Statistics indicating whether the agreement is collective or individual should also be compiled from relevant statistical sources.
--== Form of remuneration  ==
++== Form of remuneration ==
 . //Form of remuneration// refers to the basis on which a worker is paid, rather than on the form of payment (e.g. cash or in kind). It should specify the information relevant to understand the nature of the employment relationship, but not necessarily other aspects of remuneration. The variable “forms of remuneration” is required to assist with identification of the status in employment categories and should include information about all forms of remuneration received by the worker in a particular job. A separate recommended variable on “main form of remuneration”, provides additional information that may be collected by adding an additional question.
 . At a minimum, the following categories are needed:
--                         ■     for time worked (including wage or salary);
++■ for time worked (including wage or salary);
--                         ■     by the piece;
++■ by the piece;
  |■|commission;
  |■|fee for service;
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
 . //Domestic workers employed by service providers// are employees of economic units such as agencies that provide domestic services to households. //Domestic service providers// //employed for profit// provide domestic services to private households as independent workers or dependent contractors.
 . Domestic employees may be identified in statistical collections when the economic activity of their employer is equivalent to ISIC Rev.4 Division 97, Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel. Other domestic workers may be identified in statistical collections if their occupation is one of those commonly held by domestic employees, and their main place of work is the client’s residence. Analysis of these occupations by place of work may also allow the identification of other workers not considered to be domestic workers, but who perform services frequently provided by domestic workers (such as laundry, childcare and personal care) in settings such as their own home or workplace, or in the workplace of agencies providing such services.
--== Home-based workers  ==
++== Home-based workers ==
  **105. **//Home-based workers// are workers whose main place of work is their own home. They may be employers, independent workers without employees, dependent contractors, employees or contributing family workers.