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Last modified by Artur K. on 2026/05/29 14:28
From version 2.6
edited by Helena K.
on 2026/01/15 21:57
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To version 2.2
edited by Helena K.
on 2026/01/15 21:53
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74 74  
75 75  == Type of authority ==
76 76  
77 -~11. The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent.//
77 +The //type of authority// refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. The type of authority is used to classify workers as //dependent //or// independent.//
78 78  
79 -=== Independent workers ===
79 +Independent workers
80 80  
81 -12. Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities. They make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit and the organization of their work. They may work on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide work for others.
81 +Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities. They make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit and the organization of their work. They may work on their own account or in partnership with other independent workers and may or may not provide work for others.
82 82  
83 -=== Entrepreneurs ===
83 +Entrepreneurs
84 84  
85 -13. Entrepreneurs are workers who create work for themselves and potentially for others by establishing and operating an enterprise. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in employment provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating employment opportunities for themselves or for others.
85 +Entrepreneurs are workers who create work for themselves and potentially for others by establishing and operating an enterprise. The category of “independent workers” in the classification of status in employment provides the best starting point for the identification and compilation of statistics on entrepreneurs. Additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to provide complete statistics on entrepreneurship and to accurately identify those workers who are creating employment opportunities for themselves or for others.
86 86  
87 -=== Dependent workers ===
87 +Dependent workers
88 88  
89 -14. Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. If they are in employment for profit they have no employees, and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they work.
89 +Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. If they are in employment for profit they have no employees, and do not make the most important decisions about the activities of the economic unit for which they work.
90 90  
91 91  == Type of economic risk ==
92 92  
93 -15. //Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
93 +//Type of economic risk// refers to the extent to which the worker may: (1) be exposed to the loss of financial or other resources in pursuance of the activity; and (2) experience unreliability of remuneration in cash or in kind or receive no remuneration.
94 94  
95 -16. Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
95 +Economic risk may be measured operationally by considering:
96 96  
97 -* (a) the existence and nature of remuneration for the work performed;
98 -* (b) the circumstances in which the job or work activity may be terminated; and
99 -* (c) the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the job.
97 +* the existence and nature of remuneration for the work performed;
98 +* the circumstances in which the job or work activity may be terminated; and
99 +* the extent to which the worker is protected in the event of sickness, accident, or termination of the job.
100 +* In statistics on employment, the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in employment for profit //or// in employment for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular job. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected: 
101 +** in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
102 +** based on time worked;
103 +** by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
104 +** as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
100 100  
101 -17. In statistics on employment, the type of economic risk is used to classify workers as //in employment for profit //or// in employment for pay //based primarily on the nature of the remuneration for a particular job. The aspects of the nature of the remuneration taken into consideration include whether or not remuneration is received or expected:
106 +Workers in employment for profit
102 102  
103 -* (a) in the form of profit (and therefore also entails the risk of loss);
104 -* (b) based on time worked;
105 -* (c) by the piece for the goods produced or services provided; or
106 -* (d) as a fee for the production of goods or provision of services.
108 +//Workers in employment for profit// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time worked.
107 107  
108 -=== Workers in employment for profit ===
110 +Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from workers in employment for profit. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
109 109  
110 -18. //Workers in employment for profit// are employed persons whose remuneration is directly and entirely dependent on the profit or loss made by the economic unit in which they are employed, including remuneration in cash or in kind by way of a commercial transaction for goods produced or services provided. They do not receive a wage or salary in return for time worked.
112 +Workers in employment for pay
111 111  
112 -19. Owner-operators of corporations are excluded from workers in employment for profit. While they are exposed to economic risk related to the potential for loss of investments made in the corporation, the risk is mitigated due to limitations of liability when corporations are separate legal entities from the persons who own them. They may receive a wage or salary whether or not the corporation is making a profit and may also be in receipt of payments deriving from profits.
114 +Workers in employment for pay are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time worked or for each piece or service produced. They include both employees and owner-operators of corporations who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
113 113  
114 -=== Workers in employment for pay ===
115 -
116 -20. Workers in employment for pay are employed persons who receive, or expect to receive, remuneration in cash or in kind, in return for time worked or for each piece or service produced. They include both employees and owner-operators of corporations who hold a job in an incorporated enterprise which they own and control.
117 -
118 118  = The International Classification of Status  in Employment (ICSE-18) =
119 119  
120 -21. The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
118 +The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority and type of economic risk described above. These categories may be aggregated according to two alternative classification hierarchies: the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) //and the //International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R).//
121 121  
122 -22. Both hierarchies for status in employment, based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from labour force surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
120 +Both hierarchies for status in employment, based on economic risk and authority, should have equal priority when producing statistics. Statistics from labour force surveys and, when possible from other relevant sources, should be compiled on a regular basis according to both hierarchies.
123 123  
124 124  == International Classification of Status in Employment according to type of authority (ICSE-18-A) ==
125 125  
126 -23. ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
124 +ICSE-18-A provides, at its top level, a dichotomy between independent workers and dependent workers in which:
127 127  
128 128  //Independent workers// are classified into the following groups:
129 129  
130 -A. Employers
128 +1.
129 +11. Employers
130 +111. – Employers in corporations
131 +111. – Employers in household market enterprises
132 +11. Independent workers without employees
133 +111. – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
134 +111. – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
131 131  
132 -11 – Employers in corporations
133 -
134 -12 – Employers in household market enterprises
135 -
136 -B. Independent workers without employees
137 -
138 -21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees
139 -
140 -22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees
141 -
142 142  //Dependent workers// are classified into the following groups:
143 143  
144 144  1.
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