Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, Rev. 2.1 (NACE Rev. 2.1) - Section N

This section includes specialised professional, scientific and technical activities. These activities require a high degree of training and make specialised knowledge and skills available to users.

This division includes legal representation of one party’s interest against another party, whether or not before courts or other judicial bodies by, or under the supervision of, persons who are members of the bar (for example, advice and representation in civil cases, advice and representation in criminal actions, advice and representation in connection with labour disputes).

The activities of this division may also be provided online.

This class includes:
- legal representation of one party’s interest against another party, whether or not before courts or other judicial bodies by, or under the supervision of, persons who are members of the bar:
 • advice and representation in civil cases
 • advice and representation in criminal cases
 • advice and representation in connection with labour disputes
- general counselling and advising, preparation of legal documents:
 • articles of incorporation, partnership agreements or similar documents in connection with company formation
 • patents and copyrights
 • preparation of deeds, wills, trusts, etc.
- other activities of public notaries, civil law notaries, bailiffs, arbitrators, examiners and referees

This class includes:
- recording of commercial transactions from businesses or others
- bookkeeping activities for financial accounting and payroll accounting, etc.
- preparation or auditing of financial accounts
- examination of accounts and certification of their accuracy
- preparation of tax returns for individuals or enterprises
- accounting advisory activities and representation on behalf of clients before public administration (e.g. tax authorities and tax courts)
- duty and tax tariff calculation service activities

This division includes the provision of advice and assistance to businesses and other organisations on management issues (for example, strategic and organisational planning; financial planning and budgeting; marketing objectives and policies; human resources policies, practices and planning; production scheduling and control planning).

This class includes overseeing and managing other units of the enterprise or enterprise group, in other words, acting as a head office; undertaking the strategic or organisational planning and decision-making role of the company or enterprise; exercising operational control and managing the day-to-day operations of their related units. These activities are the same regardless of which activities the managed units perform (financing, manufacturing trade, and so on).

This class includes activities of:
- centralised administrative offices
- corporate offices
- district and regional offices
- subsidiary management offices

This class includes the provision of advice, guidance and operational assistance to businesses and other organisations on management issues (for example, corporate strategic and organisational planning, business process re-engineering, change management, cost reduction and other financial issues; marketing objectives and policies; human resources policies, practices and planning; compensation and retirement strategies; production scheduling and control planning).

This provision of business services may include advice, guidance or operational assistance to businesses and the public service regarding:
- design of accounting methods or procedures
- cost accounting programmes
- budgetary control procedures
- public procurement procedures
- business start-up service activities
- planning, organisation, efficiency and control
- management information, etc.

This division includes the provision of architectural services, engineering services, drafting services, building inspection services, and surveying and mapping services.

This group includes the provision of architectural services, engineering services, drafting services, building inspection services, surveying and mapping services, and so on.

This class includes:
- architectural consulting activities:
 • building design and drafting
 • town and city planning and landscape architecture
- architectural activities to support the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage properties
- interior architecture, i.e. redesigning a building’s interior structure and layout

This class includes:
- engineering design (i.e. applying physical laws and principles of engineering in the design of machines, materials, instruments, structures, processes and systems) and consulting activities for:
 • machinery, industrial processes and industrial plant
 • projects involving civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, traffic engineering
 • water management projects
 • nature-based infrastructure
- design of building information systems (e.g. related to heating systems, fire extinguisher requirements)
- elaboration and supervision of projects in relation to electrical and electronic, engineering, mining engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical, industrial and systems engineering
- elaboration and supervision of projects using air conditioning, refrigeration, sanitary and pollution control, water supply, wastewater treatment, structural engineering, offshore and onshore marine engineering, health and safety engineering, acoustical engineering, etc.
- geophysical, geologic and seismic surveying
- geodetic surveying activities:
 • land and boundary surveying activities
 • hydrologic surveying activities
 • subsurface surveying activities
- cartographic and spatial information activities
- environmental engineering and related consulting activities
- site engineering
- noise abatement engineering
- circular economy solutions engineering
- design of computer plans for 3D printing

This class includes:
- performance of physical, chemical and other analytical testing of all types of materials and products, e.g.:
 • acoustics and vibration testing
 • testing of composition and purity of minerals
 • testing activities in the field of food hygiene, including testing and control in relation to food production (e.g. testing of animals before slaughter)
 • testing of physical characteristics and the performance of materials (e.g. strength, thickness, durability, radioactivity)
 • qualification and reliability testing
 • performance testing of complete machinery: motors, automobiles, electronic equipment, etc.
 • radiographic testing of welds and joints
 • failure analysis
 • testing and measuring of environmental indicators: air and water pollution, etc.
 • testing the quality of fuels
- certification of products, including consumer goods, motor vehicles, aircraft, pressurised containers, nuclear plants, etc.
- periodic road safety testing of motor vehicles
- testing with use of models or mock-ups (e.g. of aircraft, ships, dams)
- operation of police or forensic laboratories
- product origin and quality assessment activities

This division includes the activities of three types of research and development:
(1) basic research: experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without particular application or use in view;
(2) applied research: original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective; and
(3) experimental development: systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, directed to producing new materials, products and devices, to installing new processes, systems and services, and to improving substantially those already produced or installed.

Research and experimental development activities in this division are not to be regarded as ancillary activities. They are subdivided into the two following categories: natural sciences and engineering; social sciences and the humanities.

This class includes:
- research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering:
 • research and development on natural sciences
 • research and development on engineering and technology
 • research and development on medical, health and life, and veterinary sciences
 • research and development on biotechnology
 • research and development on agricultural, forestry and fisheries sciences
 • interdisciplinary research and development, predominantly on natural sciences and engineering

This class includes:
- research and development on social sciences (e.g. economics and business administration; psychology and cognitive sciences; education; sociology; law; political science; media and communication)
- research and development on humanities and arts (e.g. history and archaeology; literature and languages; philosophy)
- interdisciplinary research and development, predominantly on social sciences and humanities

This division includes the creation of advertising campaigns and placement of such advertising in periodicals, newspapers, radio, television, over the internet or other media, as well as the design of display structures and sites.

These advertising activities are often provided via advertising agencies and media representatives.

This division also includes market and opinion research (for example on the attitudes, values and behaviour of the population and of various socio-demographic and socio-economic groups with regard to economic, social and political issues). It also includes public relations and communication activities.

This class includes:
- provision of a full range of advertising services (i.e. through in-house capabilities or subcontracting), including advice, creative services, production of advertising material
- planning and organising advertising and marketing campaigns
- placing advertisements in the media
- conceptual work on advertising messages
- managing the course of advertising campaigns
- creation and realisation of advertising campaigns:
 • creating and placing advertising, planning social media marketing campaigns in newspapers, periodicals, radio, television, over the internet and other media
 • creating and placing of outdoor advertising (e.g. billboards, panels, bulletins and frames, window dressing, showroom design, car and bus carding)
 • aerial advertising
 • distribution or delivery of advertising material or samples
 • design of stands and other display structures and sites
- conducting marketing campaigns and other advertising services
 • promotion of products
 • merchandising
 • point-of-sale marketing
 • direct mail advertising
 • marketing consulting
 • influencer marketing

This class includes:
- media representation, i.e. sale or resale of time and space for various media soliciting advertising

This class includes:
- conducting market research studies on the awareness, evaluation and use of goods and services, on product development and pricing, on the use of media and on the recall and impact of advertising
- conducting studies of opinion research on the quality of life and lifestyles, on social participation and political participation, on political party preference and voting behaviour

This class includes the provision of advice, guidance and operational assistance, including lobbying activities, to businesses and other organisations on public relations and communication.

This division includes the provision of professional, scientific and technical services (except legal and accounting activities; architecture and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis; management and management consultancy activities; research and development; and advertising activities).

This class includes:
- fashion design related to textiles, wearing apparel, shoes, jewellery, furniture and other interior decoration, and other fashion goods, as well as other personal or household goods
- industrial design, carried out also through specialised software, i.e. creating and developing designs and specifications that optimise the use, value, package and appearance of products, including the determination of the materials, mechanism, shape, colour and surface finishes of the product, taking into consideration human characteristics and needs, safety, market appeal in distribution, use and maintenance

This class includes:
- activities of graphic designers
- graphic design of web pages
- activities of communication designers
- activities specialised in the design of messages and information, taking into account the characteristics and needs of people, corporate objectives, market attractiveness and dissemination media
- design and consulting in the content and external appearance of campaigns and communication content; conception and design of visual images (corporate design) and media of corporate communication; brand design and brand updating; determination of visual language (form, colour, typography of publications, didactic illustration of complex and abstract contexts)

This class includes:
- activities of interior decorators
- interior design services (e.g. the planning and designing of interior spaces to meet the aesthetic and functional needs of people focusing mainly on finishes, furniture and colour palettes)
- drafting designs for interior decoration

This class includes:
- commercial and consumer photography:
 • portrait photography for passports, schools, weddings, etc.
 • photography for commercials, publishers, fashion, real estate or tourism purposes
 • aerial and underwater photography
 • videotaping of events: weddings, meetings, etc.
- film processing:
 • developing, printing and enlarging from client-taken negatives or cine-films
 • film developing and photo printing laboratories
 • one-hour photo shops (not part of shops selling cameras)
 • mounting of slides
 • copying and restoring or transparency retouching in connection with photographs
- activities of photojournalists
- activities of artistic photographs

This class includes:
- translation and interpretation of all languages, including sign language, whether spoken or written

This class includes:
- brokering and marketing activities for patents

This class includes a great variety of service activities generally delivered to commercial clients. It includes those activities for which more advanced professional, scientific and technical skill levels are required, but excludes ongoing, routine business functions that are generally of short duration.

This class includes:
- business brokerage activities, i.e. arranging for the purchase and sale of small and medium-sized businesses, including professional practices, but excluding real estate brokerage
- appraisal activities other than for real estate and insurance (for antiques, jewellery, etc.)
- bill auditing and freight rate information
- weather forecasting activities
- consulting in the area of occupational safety and health at the workplace
- agronomy consulting services
- environmental consulting activities
- energy-saving advice activities
- other technical consulting
- activities of quantity surveyors

This division includes the provision of animal health care and control activities for farm animals or pets. These activities are carried out by qualified veterinarians in veterinary hospitals as well as when visiting farms, kennels or homes, in own consulting and surgery rooms or elsewhere.

This class includes:
- animal health care and control activities for farm animals
- animal health care and control activities for pets

These activities are carried out in veterinary hospitals as well as in farms, kennels or homes, in consulting and surgery rooms or elsewhere.