Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, Rev. 2.1 (NACE Rev. 2.1) - Section C

This section includes the physical, mechanical, chemical or biological transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products, although this cannot be used as the single universal criterion for defining manufacturing (see remark on processing of waste below). The materials, substances, or components undergoing transformation are either raw materials or products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining or quarrying as well as products of other manufacturing activities. Substantial alteration, renovation or reconstruction of goods is generally considered to be manufacturing.

The output of a manufacturing process may be finished in the sense that it is ready for use or consumption, or it may be semi-finished in the sense that it is to become an input for further manufacturing. For example, the output of alumina refining is the input used in the primary production of aluminium; primary aluminium is the input to aluminium wire drawing; aluminium wire is the input for the manufacture of fabricated wire products.

Manufacture of specialised components and parts of, and accessories and attachments to machinery and equipment is, as a general rule, classified in the same class as the manufacture of the machinery and equipment for which the parts and accessories are intended. Manufacture of unspecialised components and parts of machinery and equipment (for example, engines, pistons, electric motors, electrical assemblies, valves, gears, roller bearings, is classified in the appropriate class of manufacturing, without regard to the machinery and equipment in which these items may be included.

Making specialised components and accessories by moulding or extruding plastics materials is usually included in group 22.2.

Assembly of the component parts of manufactured products is considered manufacturing. This includes the assembly of manufactured products from either self-produced or purchased components. 

The recovery of waste, in other words, the processing of waste into secondary raw materials* is classified in group 38.2. While this may involve physical, mechanical, biological or chemical transformations, this is not considered to be a part of manufacturing activities. The primary purpose of these activities is considered to be the treatment or processing of waste and they are therefore classified in section E. However, the manufacture of new products from secondary raw materials is classified in manufacturing, even if these processes use waste as an input (for example, the production of silver from film waste is considered to be a manufacturing process).

Specialised maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment is, in general, classified in division 33. However, the repair and maintenance of computers, personal and household goods, motor vehicles and motorcycles is classified in division 95.

The installation of machinery and equipment, when carried out as a specialised activity, is classified in class 33.20.

Maintenance, repair and installation of equipment that forms an integral part of buildings or similar structures (for example, maintenance, repair and installation of escalators or of air-conditioning systems, is classified as construction in section F, if carried out at the construction site). 

This section also contains the activities of factoryless goods producers (FGPs) in manufacturing (see introductory guidelines, paragraph xx).

As a general rule, the activities in the manufacturing section involve the transformation of materials into new, rebuilt and remanufactured products. Their output is a new product. As clarification, the following activities are considered manufacturing in NACE:
- fresh fish processing (oyster shucking, fish filleting), not done on a fishing boat, see 10.20
- milk pasteurising and bottling, see 10.51
- leather converting, see 15.11
- wood preserving, see 16.12
- printing and related activities, excluding published goods, see 18.1
- tyre retreading, see 22.11
- ready-mixed concrete production, see 23.63
- galvanising, electroplating, plating, etc., and other metallic or non-metallic coating of metals, see 25.51
- heat treatment of metals, see 25.52
- refilling of ink cartridges, see 26.20
- refilling or recharging of fire extinguishers, see 28.29
- rebuilding or remanufacture of machinery (e.g. automobile engines), see 29.10
- assembly provided by a seller or blending of several products to be sold. If assembly is provided by a contractor, this activity should be classified in manufacturing.

Conversely, there are activities that, although sometimes involving transformation processes, are classified in other sections of NACE; in other words, they are not considered as manufacturing. They include:
- logging, classified in section A
- beneficiating of agricultural products, classified in section A
- preparation of food for immediate consumption on the premises, classified in division 56
- beneficiating of ores and other minerals, classified in section B
- production of gaseous fuels for energy supply through a permanent network, classified in section D
- production of compost from organic waste, classified in section E
- assembly provided as part of a delivery or by a seller; however, if assembly is the main activity provided by a contractor, it is classified in manufacturing
- activities of breaking bulk and redistribution in smaller lots, including packaging, repackaging, or bottling products (e.g. as liquors or chemicals); sorting and reselling of scrap; mixing paints to customer order; cutting metals to customer order; treatment not resulting in a different good, classified in section G
- publishing and the combined activities of publishing and printing, classified in section J

Note: * secondary raw materials are materials and products which can be used as raw materials by simple reuse, or via recycling and recovery.

This division includes the processing of products of agriculture, forestry and fishing into food for humans or animals, and includes the production of various intermediate products that are not directly food products. The activity often generates associated products of greater or lesser value (for example, hides from slaughtering, or oilcake from oil production).

This division is organised by activities dealing with different kinds of products: meat, fish, fruits and vegetables, fats and oils, milk products, grain mill products, animal feed and other food products. Production can be carried out for own account, as well as for third parties, as in custom slaughtering.

Some activities are considered manufacturing even though there is retail sale of the products in the producers’ own shop (for example, those activities performed in bakeries, pastry shops and prepared meat shops which sell their own production). However, where the processing is minimal and does not lead to a real transformation, the unit is classified to section G.

This class includes:
- operation of slaughterhouses engaged in killing, dressing or packing meat: beef, pork, lamb, rabbit, mutton, camel, etc.
- production of fresh, chilled or frozen meat, in carcasses
- production of fresh, chilled or frozen meat, in cuts

This class includes:
- operation of slaughterhouses engaged in killing, dressing or packing poultry
- production of fresh, chilled or frozen meat in individual portions
- rendering of edible poultry fats

This class includes:
- production of preserved meat (e.g. by cooking, drying, salting or smoking)
- production of meat products:
 • sausages, salami, puddings, andouillettes, saveloys, bolognas, pâtés, rillettes, boiled ham

This class includes:
- preparation and preservation of fish, crustaceans and molluscs (e.g. freezing, deep-freezing, drying, cooking, smoking, salting, immersing in brine, canning)
- production of fish, crustacean and mollusc products: fish fillets, roes, caviar, caviar substitutes, etc.
- production of fishmeal for human consumption or animal feed
- production of meals and solubles from fish and other aquatic animals unfit for human consumption

This class includes:
- processing and preserving of potatoes:
 • manufacture of prepared frozen potatoes
 • manufacture of dehydrated mashed potatoes
 • manufacture of potato snacks
 • manufacture of potato crisps
 • manufacture of potato flour and meal
 • peeling and cutting of potatoes

This class includes:
- manufacture of fruit or vegetable juices

This class includes:
- manufacture of food consisting chiefly of fruits or vegetables
- preserving of fruits, nuts or vegetables (e.g. freezing, drying, freeze-drying, drying by infra-red radiation, immersing in oil or in vinegar, canning, high pressure, high temperature)
- manufacture of fruit or vegetable food products
- manufacture of jams, marmalades and table jellies
- shelling, peeling and roasting of nuts
- manufacture of nut foods and pastes

This group includes the manufacture of crude and refined oils and fats from vegetable or animal materials.

This class includes:
- manufacture of crude and refined vegetable oils (e.g. olive oil, soya-bean oil, hemp oil, sunflower seed oil, rape oil)
- manufacture of non-defatted flour or meal of oilseeds, oil nuts or oil kernels
- processing of vegetable oils (e.g. blowing, boiling, dehydration, hydrogenation)

This class includes:
- manufacture of margarine
- manufacture of melanges and similar spreads
- manufacture of compound cooking fats

This class includes:
- manufacture of fresh liquid milk, pasteurised, sterilised, homogenised and/or ultra-heat treated
- manufacture of milk-based drinks
- manufacture of cream from fresh liquid milk, pasteurised, sterilised, homogenised
- manufacture of dried or concentrated milk, whether or not sweetened
- manufacture of milk or cream in solid form
- manufacture of butter
- manufacture of yoghurt
- manufacture of cheese and curd
- refining and ageing cheese
- manufacture of whey
- manufacture of casein
- manufacture of lactose-free dairy products

This class includes:
- manufacture of ice cream and other edible ice (e.g. sorbet)

This group includes the milling of flour or meal from grains or vegetables, the cleaning, polishing and milling of rice, as well as the micronisation and thermal processing of flour and the manufacture of flour mixes or doughs from these products.

This class includes:
- grain milling: production of flour, semolina, groats, meal or pellets of wheat, rye, oats, maize (corn) or other cereal grains
- rice milling: production of husked, milled, polished, glazed, parboiled or converted rice; production of rice flour
- vegetable milling: production of flour or meal of dried leguminous vegetables, of roots or tubers, or of edible nuts
- manufacture of cereal breakfast foods
- manufacture of flour mixes and prepared blended flour and dough for bread, cakes, biscuits, pancakes, etc.

This class includes:
- manufacture of starches from rice, potatoes, maize, etc.
- wet corn milling
- manufacture of glucose, glucose syrup, maltose, inulin, etc.
- manufacture of gluten
- manufacture of tapioca and tapioca substitutes prepared from starch
- manufacture of corn oil

This group includes the production of bakery products, macaroni, noodles and similar products.

This class includes:
- manufacture of bakery products:
 • bread and rolls
 • pastry, cakes, pies, tarts, pancakes, waffles, etc.

This class includes:
- manufacture of rusks, biscuits and other dry bakery products
- manufacture of preserved pastry goods, cakes and waffles
- manufacture of snack products (cookies, crackers, pretzels, etc.), whether sweet or salted

This class includes:
- manufacture of pastas (e.g. macaroni and noodles), whether or not cooked or stuffed
- manufacture of couscous

This group includes the production of sugar and confectionery, prepared meals and dishes, coffee, tea and spices.

This class includes:
- manufacture or refining of sugar (sucrose) and sugar substitutes from the juice of cane, beet, maple and palm
- manufacture of sugar syrups
- manufacture of molasses
- production of maple syrup and sugar

This class includes:
- manufacture of cocoa, cocoa butter, cocoa fat, cocoa oil
- manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery
- manufacture of sugar confectionery: caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, white chocolate
- manufacture of chewing gum
- preserving in sugar of fruits, nuts, fruit peels and other parts of plants
- manufacture of confectionery lozenges and pastilles
- manufacture of sugar-free confectionery

This class includes:
- decaffeinating and roasting of coffee
- production of coffee products:
 • ground coffee
 • soluble coffee
 • extracts and concentrates of coffee
- manufacture of coffee substitutes
- blending of tea and maté
- manufacture of extracts and preparations based on tea or maté

This class includes:
- manufacture of spices, sauces and condiments:
 • mayonnaise
 • mustard flour and meal
 • prepared mustard, etc.
- manufacture of vinegar

This class includes the manufacture of ready-made (in other words, prepared, seasoned and cooked) meals and dishes. These dishes are processed and conserved (for example, in frozen or canned form) and are usually packaged and labelled for resale, in other words, this class excludes the preparation of meals for immediate consumption (for example, food prepared in restaurants or by caterers). To be considered a dish, these foods have to contain at least two distinct main ingredients (except seasonings, and so on).

This class includes:
- manufacture of meat or poultry dishes
- manufacture of fish dishes, including fish and chips
- manufacture of pasta and rice dishes
- manufacture of vegetable dishes
- manufacture of frozen or otherwise preserved pizza and croque-monsieur

This class includes:
- manufacture of foods for particular nutritional uses:
 • infant formulae
 • follow-up formulae milk and other follow-up foods
 • baby foods
 • low-energy and energy-reduced foods intended for weight control
 • foods for medical purposes

This class includes the manufacture of food products edible within a maximum of three days after production:
- manufacture of soups and broths
- manufacture of perishable prepared foods, e.g.:
 • sandwiches
 • fresh (uncooked) pizza
- manufacture of quiche and croque-monsieur

This class includes:
- manufacture of prepared feed for farm animals, including concentrated animal feed and feed supplements
- preparation of unmixed (single) feed for farm animals

This class includes:
- manufacture of prepared feed for pets, including dogs, cats, birds, fish, etc.

This division includes the manufacture of beverages (for example, non-alcoholic beverages and mineral waters, the manufacture of alcoholic beverages mainly through fermentation, beer and wine, and the manufacture of distilled alcoholic beverages).

This class includes:
- manufacture of distilled, potable, alcoholic beverages: whisky, brandy, gin, liqueurs, etc.
- manufacture of drinks mixed with distilled alcoholic beverages
- blending of distilled spirits
- production of neutral spirits

This class includes:
- manufacture of wine of fresh grapes
- manufacture of sparkling wine
- manufacture of fortified wines
- manufacture of wine from concentrated grape must

This class includes:
- manufacture of fermented but not distilled alcoholic beverages: mead, sake, cider, perry and other fruit wines
- manufacture of wine from raisins

This class includes:
- manufacture of aromatised wine of fresh grapes, flavoured with aromatic substances (e.g. vermouth)

This class includes:
- manufacture of malt liquors (e.g. beer, ale, porter, stout)

This class includes:
- manufacture of malt from barley, wheat, or other grains

This class includes the manufacture of non-alcoholic beverages (except non-alcoholic beer and wine):
- production of natural mineral waters and other bottled waters
- manufacture of soft drinks:
 • non-alcoholic flavoured and/or sweetened waters: lemonade, orangeade, cola, fruit drinks, tonic waters, etc.
- manufacture of other non-alcoholic beverages

This division includes the processing of an agricultural product, tobacco, into a form suitable for final consumption.

This class includes:
- manufacture of tobacco products and products of tobacco substitutes: cigarettes, fine-cut tobacco, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, snuff
- manufacture of homogenised or reconstituted tobacco

This division includes preparation and spinning of textile fibres as well as textile weaving, finishing of textiles and wearing apparel, manufacture of technical textiles, manufacture of made-up textile articles, except apparel (for example, household linen, blankets, rugs, cordage).

This class includes preparatory operations on textile fibres and the spinning of textile fibres. This can be done from varying raw materials, whether new or recycled textile materials (for example, silk, cotton, wool, vegetable or man-made fibres and paper cellulose-based fibres, such as wood or straw).

This class includes:
- preparatory operations on textile fibres:
 • reeling and washing of silk
 • wool scouring, i.e. degreasing and carbonising of wool and dyeing of wool fleece
 • carding and combing of all kinds of animal, vegetable and man-made fibres
- spinning and manufacture of yarn or thread for weaving or sewing, for trade or for further processing
 • scutching of flax
 • texturising, twisting, folding, cabling and dipping of synthetic or artificial filament yarns
- spinning of recycled fibres from secondary raw materials

This class includes weaving of textiles. This can be done from varying raw materials, whether new fibres or recycled textile materials (for example, silk, cotton, wool, vegetable or man-made fibres or paper, recovered textile waste materials).

This class includes:
- manufacture of broad woven cotton-type, woollen-type, worsted-type or silk-type fabrics, including from mixtures or artificial or synthetic yarns (polypropylene, etc.)
- manufacture of other broad woven fabrics, using flax, ramie, hemp, jute, bast fibres and special yarns
- manufacture of broad woven fabrics, from secondary raw materials

This class includes finishing of textiles and wearing apparel, in other words, bleaching, dyeing, dressing and similar activities.

This class includes:
- bleaching and dyeing of textile fibres, yarns, fabrics and textile articles, including wearing apparel
- dressing, drying, steaming, shrinking, mending, sanforising, mercerising of textiles and textile articles, including wearing apparel

This group includes the manufacture of products produced from textiles, except wearing apparel (for example, made-up textile articles, carpets and rugs, rope, narrow woven fabrics, trimmings).

This class includes:
- manufacture and processing of knitted or crocheted fabrics:
 • pile and terry fabrics
 • net and window furnishing type fabrics
 • other knitted or crocheted fabrics

This class includes:
- manufacture of made-up household textiles articles of any material, including of knitted or crocheted fabrics, e.g.:
 • blankets, including travelling rugs
 • bed, table, toilet or kitchen linen
 • quilts, eiderdowns, cushions, pouffes, pillows, sleeping bags
- manufacture of made-up furnishing articles:
 • curtains, valances, bedspreads
 • flags, banners, pennants
 • dust-cloths, dishcloths and similar articles

This class includes:
- manufacture of textile floor coverings, e.g.:
 • carpets, rugs and mats, tiles

This class includes:
- manufacture of twine, cordage, rope and cables of textile fibres or strip, etc., whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or sheathed with rubber or plastics
- manufacture of knotted netting of twine, cordage or rope
- manufacture of products of rope or netting (e.g. fishing nets, ships’ fenders, unloading cushions, loading slings, rope or cable fitted with metal rings, etc.)

This class includes the manufacture of non-wovens, whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics or rubber. It also includes the manufacture of non-wovens in which plastics or rubber forms the bonding substance.

This class includes:
- manufacture of narrow woven fabrics, including fabrics consisting of warp without weft assembled by means of an adhesive
- manufacture of labels, badges, etc.
- manufacture of ornamental trimmings: braids, tassels, pompons, etc.
- manufacture of textile fabrics impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics
- manufacture of metallised yarn, rubber thread and cord covered with textile material, textile yarn covered, impregnated, coated or sheathed with rubber or plastics
- manufacture of tyre cord fabric of high-tenacity man-made yarn
- manufacture of other treated or coated fabrics (e.g. buckram and similar stiffened textile fabrics, fabrics coated with gum or amylaceous substances)
- manufacture of diverse textile articles (e.g. textile wicks, incandescent gas mantles, tubular gas)
- manufacture of mantle fabric, hose piping, transmission or conveyor belts or belting (whether or not reinforced with metal or other material), bolting cloth, straining cloth
- manufacture of automotive trimmings
- manufacture of artists' canvas boards and tracing cloth
- manufacture of tarpaulins, tents, pneumatic mattresses of textile materials, sails, parachutes, textiles for blinds and sunblinds, loose covers for cars, machines or furniture

This class includes:
- manufacture of felt
- manufacture of tulles and other net fabrics, of lace and embroidery, in the piece, in strips or in motifs
- manufacture of pressure-sensitive cloth-tape
- manufacture of shoelaces, of textiles
- manufacture of net and window furnishing type fabrics of lace

This division includes all tailoring (ready-to-wear or made-to-measure), in all materials (for example, leather, fur fabric, knitted and crocheted fabrics), of all items of clothing (for example, outerwear, underwear for men, women or children; work, city or casual clothing) and accessories. There is no distinction made between clothing for adults and clothing for children.

This class includes:
- manufacture of hosiery, including socks, tights and pantyhose
- manufacture of knitted or crocheted wearing apparel (e.g. pullovers, cardigans, jerseys, shirts, T-shirts, blouses, waistcoats, nightwear, underwear, including babies’ wear)
- manufacture of knitted and crocheted sportswear and swimwear

This group includes the manufacture of wearing apparel, other than knitted or crocheted. The material used may be of any kind and may be coated, impregnated or rubberised.

This class includes:
- manufacture of outerwear, other than knitted or crocheted (e.g. pullovers, cardigans, jerseys, coats, suits, ensembles, jackets, trousers, skirts, shirts, T-shirts, blouses, babies’ outerwear garments)

This class includes:
- manufacture of woven underwear and nightwear, other than knitted or crocheted (e.g. underpants, briefs, pyjamas, nightdresses, dressing gowns, slips, swimwear, babies’ underwear garments)

This class includes:
- manufacture of wearing apparel, including working clothes, made of leather or composition leather (e.g. coats, overcoats, jackets, trousers, aprons)
- manufacture of articles made of fur skins:
 • fur wearing apparel and clothing accessories
 • assemblies of fur skins (e.g. ‘dropped’ fur skins, plates, mats, strips)
 • diverse articles of fur skins: rugs, unstuffed pouffes, industrial polishing cloths

This class includes:
- manufacture of sportswear of broad woven fabrics (e.g. tracksuits, ski suits, other technical sportswear)
- manufacture of hats and caps
- manufacture of other clothing accessories (e.g. gloves, belts, shawls, ties, cravats, hairnets)

This division includes dressing and dyeing of fur and the transformation of hides or skins into leather by tanning or curing and fabricating the leather into products for final consumption.

This group includes the manufacture of leather and fur and products thereof.

This class includes:
- tanning, dyeing and dressing of hides, skins and pre-tanned leather
- manufacture of chamois dressed, parchment dressed, patent or metallised leathers
- manufacture of composition leather
- scraping, shearing, plucking, currying, tanning, bleaching and dyeing of fur skins and hides with the hair on

This class includes:
- manufacture of luggage, handbags, backpacks, etc., of leather, composition leather or any other material where the same technology is used as for leather
- manufacture of saddlery and harness for any animal
- manufacture of non-metallic watch bands (e.g. fabric, leather, plastic)
- manufacture of diverse articles of leather or composition leather (e.g. driving belts, packings)
- manufacture of shoelaces, of leather
- manufacture of horse whips and riding crops

This class includes:
- manufacture of footwear for all purposes, of any material, by any process, including moulding
- manufacture of leather parts of footwear (e.g. manufacture of uppers and parts of uppers, outer and inner soles, heels)
- manufacture of gaiters, chaps and similar articles

This division includes the manufacture of wood products (for example, lumber, plywood, veneers, wood containers, wood flooring, wood trusses, prefabricated wood buildings, the manufacture of solid fuels from vegetable biomass, the finishing of wooden products). The production processes include sawing, planing, shaping, laminating and assembling of wood products starting from logs that are cut into bolts, or lumber that may then be cut further, or shaped by lathes or other shaping tools. The lumber or other transformed wood shapes may also be subsequently planed or smoothed, and assembled into finished products (for example, wooden containers).

With the exception of sawmilling, this division is subdivided mainly based on the specific products manufactured.

This class includes:
- sawing, planing and machining of wood
- slicing, peeling or chipping logs
- manufacture of wooden railway sleepers
- manufacture of unassembled wooden flooring
- manufacture outside the forest of wood wool, wood sawdust and flour, wood chips and particles

This class includes general activities for the processing and finishing of wood, which are typically carried out on a fee or contract basis:
- activities mostly carried out on a fee or contract basis:
 • boring, turning, milling, broaching, levelling, grinding, polishing, splicing, etc., of wood
- drying of wood
- impregnation or chemical treatment of wood
- treatment of wood in the rough with paint, stains or other preservatives
- other activities of processing and finishing of wood

This group includes the manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw or plaiting materials, including basic shapes as well as assembled products.

This class includes:
- manufacture of veneer sheets thin enough to be used for veneering, making plywood or other purposes:
 • smoothed, dyed, coated, impregnated, reinforced (with paper or fabric backing)
 • made in the form of motifs
- manufacture of plywood, veneer panels and similar laminated wood boards and sheets
- manufacture of oriented strand board (OSB) and other particle board
- manufacture of medium density fibreboard (MDF) and other fibreboard
- manufacture of densified wood
- manufacture of glue-laminated wood, cross-laminated timber (CLT) and laminated veneer wood

This class includes:
- manufacture of wooden parquet floor blocks, strips, etc., assembled into panels

This class includes:
- manufacture of wooden goods intended to be used primarily in the construction industry:
 • beams, rafters, roof struts
 • glue-laminated and metal connected, prefabricated wooden roof trusses
 • stairs, railings
 • wooden beadings and mouldings, shingles and shakes
- manufacture of prefabricated buildings, or elements thereof, predominantly of wood (e.g. saunas)
- manufacture of mobile homes and house trailers
- manufacture of wood partitions (except free-standing)

This class includes:
- manufacture of packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar items of wood
- manufacture of pallets, box pallets and other load boards of wood
- manufacture of barrels, vats, tubs and other coopers’ products of wood
- manufacture of wooden cable drums

This class includes:
- manufacture of doors and their frames and thresholds of wood
- manufacture of windows, shutters and French windows and their frames of wood
- manufacture of multi-material doors and windows with the frame made of wood

This class includes:
- manufacture of briquettes, fire logs and pellets from agglomerated sawdust, wood waste and scrap, straw or other vegetable biomass

This class includes:
- process of refining or protecting wooden surfaces (for example, coating, impregnating, finishing, polishing, buffing, oiling, waxing, bleaching, staining, painting or varnishing of wooden products)

This class includes:
- manufacture of various wood products:
 • wooden handles and bodies for tools, brooms, brushes
 • wooden boot- or shoe-lasts and trees, clothes-hangers
 • household utensils, tableware and kitchenware of wood
 • wooden statuettes and ornaments, wood marquetry, inlaid wood
 • wooden cases for jewellery, cutlery and similar articles
 • wooden spools, cops, bobbins, sewing thread reels and similar articles of turned wood
 • other articles of wood
- manufacture of wooden frames for artists’ canvases
- natural cork processing, manufacture of agglomerated cork
- manufacture of cork for bottles
- manufacture of articles of natural or agglomerated cork, including floor coverings
- manufacture of plaits and products of plaiting materials: mats, matting, screens, cases, etc.
- manufacture of basket-ware and wickerwork
- manufacture of wooden mirror and picture frames
- manufacture of handles for umbrellas, canes and similar
- manufacture of blocks for the manufacture of smoking pipes

This division includes the manufacture of pulp, paper, converted paper and the manufacture of products of recycled goods from wood, paper, cardboard and paperboard.

The manufacture of these products is grouped together because they constitute a series of vertically connected processes. More than one activity is often carried out in a single unit.

The manufacture of pulp involves separating the cellulose fibres from other matter in wood, or dissolving and de-inking of used paper, and mixing in small amounts of reagents to reinforce the binding of the fibres.

Converted paper products are made from paper and other materials by various techniques.

The paper articles may be printed (for example, wallpaper, gift wrap), as long as the printing of information is not the main purpose.

The production of pulp, paper and paperboard in bulk is included in group 17.1, while the remaining classes include the production of further-processed paper and paper products.

This class includes:
- manufacture of bleached, semi-bleached or unbleached paper pulp by mechanical, chemical (dissolving or non-dissolving) or semi-chemical processes
- manufacture of cotton linter pulp
- removal of ink and manufacture of pulp from waste paper

This class includes:
- manufacture of paper and paperboard intended for further industrial processing

This class includes:
- manufacture of corrugated paper and paperboard
- manufacture of cartons, boxes and cases of corrugated paper or paperboard
- manufacture of folding cartons, boxes and cases of non-corrugated paper or paperboard
- manufacture of containers of solid paperboard
- manufacture of other containers of paper and paperboard
- manufacture of sacks and bags of paper
- manufacture of office box files and similar articles

This class includes:
- manufacture of household and personal hygiene paper and cellulose wadding products:
 • cleansing tissues
 • handkerchiefs, towels, serviettes
 • toilet paper
 • sanitary towels and tampons, napkins and napkin liners for babies
 • cups, dishes and trays
- manufacture of textile wadding and articles of wadding: sanitary towels, tampons, etc.

This class includes:
- manufacture of printing and writing paper ready for use
- manufacture of computer print-out paper ready for use
- manufacture of self-copy paper ready for use
- manufacture of duplicator stencils and carbon paper ready for use
- manufacture of gummed or adhesive paper ready for use
- manufacture of envelopes and letter cards
- manufacture of educational and commercial stationery (notebooks, binders, registers, accounting books, business forms, etc.), when the printed information is not the main characteristic
- manufacture of boxes, pouches, wallets and writing compendiums containing an assortment of paper stationery

This class includes:
- manufacture of wallpaper and similar wall coverings, including vinyl-coated and textile wallpaper

This class includes:
- manufacture of paper or paperboard labels
- manufacture of filter paper and paperboard
- manufacture of cigarette paper
- manufacture of paper and paperboard bobbins, spools, cops, etc.
- manufacture of egg trays and other moulded or pressed articles of paper pulp packaging products
- manufacture of paper novelties
- manufacture of paper or paperboard cards for use on Jacquard machines

This division includes printing of products (for example, newspapers, books, periodicals, business forms and greeting cards), printing on T-shirts and other types of material, and associated support activities (for example, bookbinding, plate-making services, data imaging). The support activities included here are an integral part of the printing industry, and a product (a printing plate, a bound book, or a computer disk or file) that is an integral part of the printing industry is almost always provided by these operations.

The ownership of the input material is irrelevant to the classification of printing and reproduction of recorded media activities. Division 18 covers explicitly the processing activities.

Processes used in printing include a variety of methods for transferring an image from a plate, screen or computer file to a medium (for example, paper, plastics, metal, textile articles, wood). The most prominent of these methods entails the transfer of the image from a plate or screen to the medium through lithographic, gravure, screen or flexographic printing. Often a computer file is used to directly drive the printing mechanism to create the image or electrostatic and other types of equipment (digital or non-impact printing).

Though printing and publishing can be carried out by the same unit (for example, a newspaper), it is less and less the case that these distinct activities are carried out in the same physical location.

This group includes the printing of products (for example, newspapers, books, periodicals, business forms and greeting cards), printing on T-shirts and other types of material, and associated support activities (for example, bookbinding, plate-making services, data imaging). Printing can be done using various techniques and on different materials.

This class includes:
- printing of magazines and other periodicals, appearing less than four times a week
- printing of books and brochures, music and music manuscripts, maps, atlases, posters, advertising catalogues, prospectuses and other printed advertising, postage stamps, taxation stamps, documents of title, cheques and other security papers, smart cards, albums, diaries, calendars and other commercial printed matter, beer mats, personalised stationery and other printed matter by letterpress, offset, photogravure, flexographic, screen printing, and other printing presses, duplication machines, computer printers, embossers etc., including quick printing directly onto textiles, plastic, glass, metal, wood and ceramics
- digital printing
- silk-screen printing on textiles and wearing apparel
- photocopying of documents
- decorative printing, e.g. printing of gift wraps, wallpapers, materials for transfer
- large format printing, e.g. printing of flags, banners, roll-ups, posters

The material printed is typically copyrighted.

This class covers exclusively printing service activities, not goods.

This class includes:
- composing, typesetting and phototypesetting, pre-press data input into a form suitable for use in various printing processes and representation in other visual media, including scanning and optical character recognition, electronic make-up
- preparation of data files for multimedia (printing on paper, CD-ROM, the internet) applications
- plate-making services, including image setting and plate setting (for letterpress and offset printing processes)
- cylinder preparation: engraving or etching of cylinders for gravure printing
- plate processing: computer-to-plate (CTP), also photopolymer plates
- preparation of plates and dies for relief stamping or printing
- preparation of:
 • artistic works of technical character (e.g. preparation of lithographic stones and wood blocks)
 • presentation media
 • sketches, layouts, dummies, etc.
 • production of proofs

This class includes:
- trade binding, sample mounting and post-press services in support of printing activities (e.g. trade binding and finishing of books, brochures, magazines, catalogues), by e.g. folding, cutting and trimming, assembling, stitching, thread sewing, adhesive binding, cutting and cover laying, gluing, collating, basting, gold stamping; spiral binding and plastic wire binding
- binding and finishing of printed paper or printed cardboard, by folding, stamping, drilling, punching, perforating, embossing, sticking, gluing, laminating
- finishing services for CD-ROMs
- mailing finishing services (e.g. customisation, envelope preparation)
- other finishing activities (e.g. die, sinking or stamping, Braille copying)

This class includes:
- reproduction from master copies of gramophone records, compact discs and tapes with music, or other sound recordings
- reproduction from master copies of records, compact discs and tapes with motion pictures, and other video recordings
- reproduction from master copies of software and data on discs and tapes

This division includes the transformation of crude petroleum and coal into usable products. The dominant process is petroleum refining, which involves the separation of crude petroleum into component products through such techniques as cracking and distillation. 

This division includes the manufacture of gases (for example, ethane, propane, butane) as products of petroleum refineries.

This class includes:
- operation of coke ovens
- production of coke and semi-coke
- production of pitch and pitch coke
- production of coke oven gas
- production of crude coal and lignite tars
- agglomeration of coke

This class includes the manufacture of liquid or gaseous fuels or other products from crude petroleum, bituminous minerals or their fractionation products. Petroleum refining involves one or more of the following activities: fractionation; straight distillation of crude oil; cracking.

This class includes:
- production of motor fuel: gasoline, kerosene, etc.
- production of fuel: light, medium and heavy fuel oil, refinery gases (e.g. ethane, propane, butane)
- manufacture of oil-based lubricating oils or greases, including from waste oil
- manufacture of products for the petrochemical industry and for the manufacture of road coverings
- manufacture of various refined petroleum products, white spirit, Vaseline, paraffin wax, petroleum jelly, etc.
- manufacture of petroleum briquettes
- blending of biofuels, i.e. blending of alcohols with petroleum (e.g. gasohol)
- manufacture of products from petroleum waste materials (e.g. waste lubricating petroleum oils)

This division includes the transformation of organic and inorganic raw materials by a chemical process and the formation of products. It distinguishes the production of basic chemicals that constitute the first industry group from the production of intermediate and end-products produced by further processing of basic chemicals that make up the remaining industry classes.

This group includes the manufacture of basic chemical products, fertilisers and associated nitrogen compounds, as well as plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms.

This class includes:
- manufacture of liquefied or compressed selected inorganic industrial or medical gases:
 • elemental gases
 • liquid or compressed air
 • mixed industrial gases
 • inert gases (e.g. carbon dioxide)
 • isolating gases

This class includes:
- manufacture of dyes and pigments from any source in basic form or as concentrate
- manufacture of pure calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide

This class includes the manufacture of chemicals using basic processes. The output of these processes is usually separate chemical elements or separate chemically defined compounds.

This class includes:
- manufacture of chemical elements (except industrial gases and basic metals)
- manufacture of inorganic acids, except nitric acid
- manufacture of alkalis, lyes and other inorganic bases, except ammonia
- manufacture of other inorganic compounds
- roasting of iron pyrites
- manufacture of distilled water

This class includes the manufacture of chemicals using basic processes (for example, thermal cracking, distillation). The output of these processes is usually separate chemically defined organic compounds.

This class includes:
- manufacture of basic organic chemicals:
 • acyclic hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated
 • cyclic hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated
 • acyclic and cyclic alcohols
 • mono- and polycarboxylic acids, including acetic acid
 • other oxygen-function compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, quinones and dual or poly oxygen-function compounds
 • synthetic glycerol
 • nitrogen-function organic compounds, including amines
 • fermentation of sugar cane, corn or similar to produce alcohol and esters
 • other organic compounds, including wood distillation products (e.g. charcoal), etc.
- manufacture of synthetic aromatic products
- manufacture of methane, not for the provision as a gaseous fuel through a permanent supply network
- distillation of coal tar
- manufacture of ethyl alcohol, other than for bioethanol fuel
- manufacture of refrigerant gases

This class includes:
- manufacture of fertilisers:
 • straight or complex nitrogenous, phosphatic or potassic fertilisers
 • urea, crude natural phosphates and crude natural potassium salts
- manufacture of associated nitrogen products:
 • nitric and sulphonitric acids, ammonia, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, nitrites and nitrates of potassium

This class includes the manufacture of resins, plastic materials and non-vulcanisable thermoplastic elastomers, the mixing and blending of resins on a custom basis, as well as the manufacture of non-customised synthetic resins.

This class includes:
- manufacture of plastics in primary forms:
 • polymers, including those of ethylene, propylene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate and acrylics
 • polyamides
 • phenolic and epoxide resins and polyurethanes
 • alkyd and polyester resins and polyethers
 • ion exchangers based on polymers
- manufacture of silicones in primary forms
- plastic compounding activities

This class includes:
- manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms:
 • synthetic rubber
 • factice
- manufacture of mixtures of synthetic rubber and natural rubber or rubber-like gums (e.g. balata)

This class includes:
- manufacture of insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, acaricides, molluscicides, biocides
- manufacture of anti-sprouting products, plant growth regulators
- manufacture of disinfectants (for agricultural and other use)
- manufacture of other agrochemical products n.e.c.

This class includes:
- manufacture of paints and varnishes, enamels or lacquers
- manufacture of prepared pigments and dyes, opacifiers and colours
- manufacture of vitrifiable enamels and glazes, engobes and similar preparations
- manufacture of mastics
- manufacture of caulking compounds and similar non-refractory filling or surfacing preparations
- manufacture of organic composite solvents and thinners
- manufacture of prepared paint or varnish removers
- manufacture of printing ink

This class includes:
- manufacture of organic surface-active agents
- manufacture of paper, wadding, felt, etc., coated or covered with soap or detergent
- manufacture of crude glycerol
- manufacture of soap, except cosmetic soap
- manufacture of surface-active preparations:
 • washing powders in solid or liquid form and detergents
 • dish-washing preparations
 • textile softeners
- manufacture of cleaning and polishing products:
 • preparations for perfuming or deodorising rooms
 • artificial waxes and prepared waxes
 • polishes and creams for leather
 • polishes and creams for wood
 • polishes for coachwork, glass and metal
 • scouring pastes and powders, including paper, wadding, etc., coated or covered with these

This class includes:
- manufacture of perfume and toilet preparations:
 • perfume and toilet water
 • beauty and make-up preparations
 • sunburn prevention and suntan preparations
 • manicure and pedicure preparations
 • shampoos, hair lacquers, waving and straightening preparations
 • dentifrices and preparations for oral hygiene, including denture fixative preparations
 • shaving preparations, including pre-shave and aftershave preparations
 • deodorants and bath salts
 • depilatories
- manufacture of cosmetic soap

This group includes the manufacture of liquid biofuels and chemical products n.e.c. (for example, explosives and pyrotechnic products, glues, essential oils, composite diagnostic preparations).

This class includes:
- manufacture of biodiesel
- manufacture of ethanol from biomass
- manufacture of mixtures of bioethanol and ethers partially derived from biomass
- manufacture of liquid biofuels even if processes use waste as an input

This class includes:
- manufacture of photographic plates, films, sensitised paper and other sensitised unexposed materials
- manufacture of chemical preparations for photographic uses
- manufacture of gelatine and its derivatives
- manufacture of glues and prepared adhesives, including rubber-based glues and adhesives
- manufacture of essential oils
- manufacture of extracts of natural aromatic products
- manufacture of resinoids
- manufacture of mixtures of odoriferous products for the manufacture of perfumes or food
- manufacture of propellant powders
- manufacture of explosives and pyrotechnic products, including percussion caps, detonators, signalling flares, etc.
- manufacture of e-liquids used in vaping devices
- manufacture of various chemical products:
 • peptones, peptone derivatives, other protein substances and their derivatives n.e.c.
 • chemically modified oils and fats
 • materials used in the finishing of textiles and leather
 • powders and pastes used in soldering, brazing or welding
 • substances used to pickle metal
 • prepared additives for cements
 • activated carbon, lubricating oil additives, prepared rubber accelerators, catalysts and other chemical products for industrial use
 • anti-knock preparations, antifreeze preparations
 • liquids for hydraulic transmission
 • composite diagnostic or laboratory reagents
 • fuel additives (e.g. based on ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE))

This class includes:
- manufacture of synthetic or artificial filament tow
- manufacture of synthetic or artificial staple fibres, not carded, combed or otherwise processed for spinning
- manufacture of synthetic or artificial filament yarn, including high-tenacity yarn
- manufacture of synthetic or artificial monofilament or strip
- manufacture of recycled fibres

This division includes the manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations.

This class includes:
- manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients to be used for their pharmacological properties in the manufacture of medical products (e.g. antibiotics, basic vitamins, salicylic and O-acetylsalicylic acids)
- processing of blood

This class includes:
- manufacture of medicaments:
 • antisera and other blood fractions
 • vaccines
 • diverse medicaments, including homeopathic preparations
- manufacture of chemical contraceptive products for external use and hormonal contraceptive medicaments
- manufacture of medical diagnostic preparations, including pregnancy tests
- manufacture of radioactive in-vivo diagnostic substances
- manufacture of cell and gene advance therapy medical products

This division includes the manufacture of rubber and plastic products.

This division is characterised by the raw materials used in the manufacturing process. However, this does not imply that the manufacture of all products made of these materials is classified here.

This group includes the manufacture of rubber products.

This class includes:
- manufacture of rubber tyres for vehicles, equipment, mobile machinery, aircraft, toy, furniture and other uses:
 • pneumatic tyres
 • solid or cushion tyres
- manufacture of inner tubes for tyres
- manufacture of interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps, camelback strips for retreading tyres, etc.
- tyre rebuilding and retreading

This class includes:
- manufacture of other products of natural or synthetic rubber, unvulcanised, vulcanised or hardened:
 • rubber plates, sheets, strip, rods, profile shapes
 • tubes, pipes and hoses
 • rubber conveyor or transmission belts or belting
 • rubber hygienic articles: sheath contraceptives, teats, hot-water bottles, etc.
 • rubber articles of apparel
 • rubber thread and rope
 • rubberised yarn and fabrics
 • rubber rings, fittings and seals
 • rubber roller coverings
 • inflatable rubber mattresses
 • inflatable balloons
- manufacture of rubber brushes
- manufacture of hard rubber pipe stems
- manufacture of hard rubber combs, hairpins, hair rollers, and similar
- manufacture of rubber expansion joints for the construction industry
- manufacture of cellular rubber latex
- manufacture of rubber floor coverings

This group comprises processing new or spent (in other words, recycled) plastic resins into intermediate or final products, using processes such as compression moulding; extrusion moulding; injection moulding; blow moulding; casting. For most of these, the production process is such that a wide variety of products can be made.

This class includes:
- manufacture of semi-manufactures of plastic products:
 • plates, sheets, blocks, film, foil, strip, etc.
- manufacture of finished plastic products:
 • tubes, pipes and hoses; hose and pipe fittings
 • cellophane film or sheet
- manufacture of flexible or rigid plates and sheets of cellular polyurethane
- manufacture of plastic plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials
- manufacture of self-adhesive plates, sheets, film, foil, tapes and strip of plastic

This class includes:
- manufacture of plastic articles for the packing of goods:
 • plastic bags, sacks, containers, boxes, cases, carboys, bottles, etc.

This class includes:
- manufacture of doors, windows and their frames of plastic
- manufacture of multi-material doors and windows with the frame made of plastic
- manufacture of shutters, blinds (including venetian blinds) and similar articles, and parts thereof, made of plastic
- manufacture of multi-material shutters for doors and windows with the frame made of plastic

This class includes:
- manufacture of builders’ plastics ware:
 • skirting boards
 • tanks, reservoirs
 • plastic floor, wall or ceiling coverings in rolls or in the form of tiles, etc.
 • plastic sanitaryware like plastic baths, shower baths, washbasins, lavatory pans, flushing cisterns, etc.
- manufacture of resilient floor coverings (e.g. vinyl, linoleum)

This class includes general activities for the processing and finishing of plastic products, typically carried out on a fee or contract basis:
- processing of plastics (e.g. by cutting, chamfering, turning, milling, drilling, threading by computer numerical control (CNC) or other machineries)
- bending, gluing and welding of plastic materials
- processing of plastic surfaces (e.g. by engraving, sandblasting, microblasting, polishing)
- coating of plastic surfaces (e.g. painting, varnishing and metallisation of plastics)

This class includes:
- manufacture of plastic tableware, kitchenware and toilet articles
- manufacture of diverse plastic products, e.g.:
 • plastic headgear excluding safety headgear, insulating fittings, parts of light fittings, office or school supplies, articles of apparel, fittings for furniture, statuettes, transmission and conveyer belts, plastic shoe-lasts, plastic cigar and cigarette holders, combs, plastic hair curlers, plastic novelties
- manufacture of products from polymer clay

This division includes manufacturing activities related to a single substance of mineral origin. This division includes the manufacture of glass and glass products (for example, flat glass, hollow glass, fibres, technical glassware), ceramic products, tiles and baked clay products, cement, concrete and plaster, from raw materials to finished articles.

This group includes glass in all its forms, made by any process, and articles of glass.

This class includes:
- manufacture of flat glass (e.g. cast, rolled, drawn or blown), surface ground or polished glass in sheets and sheets of float glass, opacified, flashed or having an absorbent, reflecting or non-reflecting layer, including wired, coloured throughout the mass, or tinted flat glass

This class includes:
- manufacture of bent, edgeworked, engraved, drilled or enamelled glass sheets or profiles
- manufacture of toughened or laminated safety glass
- manufacture of glass mirrors
- manufacture of multiple-walled insulating glass and units of glass
- manufacture of coated glass
- surface treatment of flat glass

This class includes:
- manufacture of bottles and other containers of glass or crystal
- manufacture of drinking glasses, glassware for table or kitchen purposes and other domestic glass or crystal articles

This class includes:
- manufacture of glass fibres, including glass wool and non-woven products thereof
- manufacture of products from glass fibres

This class includes:
- manufacture of laboratory, hygienic or pharmaceutical glassware
- manufacture of clock or watch glass, optical glass and optical elements not optically worked
- manufacture of glassware used in imitation jewellery
- manufacture of glass insulators and glass insulating fittings
- manufacture of glass envelopes for lamps
- manufacture of glass figurines
- manufacture of glass blocks and bricks, slabs, squares and tiles, of a kind used for building or construction purposes, and multicellular or foam glass in blocks, panels, plates, shells or similar forms
- manufacture of glass in rods or tubes

This class includes:
- manufacture of intermediate products from mined or quarried non-metallic minerals (e.g. gravel, stone or clay)
- manufacture of refractory mortars, concretes, etc.
- manufacture of refractory ceramic goods, e.g.:
 • heat-insulating ceramic goods of siliceous fossil meals
 • refractory bricks, blocks and tiles, etc.
 • retorts, crucibles, muffles, nozzles, tubes, pipes, etc.

This class includes:
- manufacture of non-refractory ceramic hearth or wall tiles, mosaic cubes, etc.
- manufacture of non-refractory ceramic flags and paving

This class includes:
- manufacture of structural non-refractory ceramic articles, obtained by firing clay building materials (e.g. ceramic bricks, roofing tiles, chimney pots, pipes, conduits)
- manufacture of flooring blocks in baked clay

This group includes the manufacture of final products from mined or quarried non-metallic minerals (for example, sand, gravel, stone or clay).

This class includes:
- manufacture of ceramic tableware, kitchenware, household articles, toilet articles, statuettes and other ornamental articles of ceramics (e.g. porcelain, china, common pottery, stoneware, earthenware or fine pottery)

This class includes:
- manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures (e.g. sinks, washbasins, washbasin pedestals, baths, bidets, water closet pans, flushing cisterns)

This class includes:
- manufacture of electrical insulators and insulating fittings for electrical purposes, of ceramics

This class includes:
- manufacture of permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent magnets after magnetisation, of materials other than metal (e.g. agglomerated ferrite)
- manufacture of ceramic wares for laboratory, chemical or other technical uses

This class includes:
- manufacture of ceramic pots, jars and similar articles, of a kind used for conveyance or packing of goods
- manufacture of ceramic troughs, tubs and similar receptacles, of a kind used in agriculture
- manufacture of ceramic products n.e.c.

This class includes:
- manufacture of clinker and hydraulic cements, including Portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement, supersulphate cement and similar hydraulic cements, whether or not coloured or in the form of clinker

This class includes:
- manufacture of quicklime, slaked lime and hydraulic lime
- manufacture of plasters of calcined gypsum or calcium sulphate

This class includes:
- manufacture of precast concrete, cement or artificial stone articles for use in construction:
 • tiles, flagstones, building blocks, bricks, boards, sheets, panels, pipes, posts, etc.
- manufacture of prefabricated structures and structural components for building or civil engineering, traffic control and obstruction, of cement, concrete or artificial stone
- manufacture of prefabricated factory-made elements of brick for construction of prefabricated structures to be used in landscaping and retaining wall, wastewater and stormwater management, and underground utilities
- manufacture of factory-made elements with concrete
- manufacture of prefabricated concrete pipes for drinking water

This class includes:
- manufacture of articles of plaster or compositions based on plaster for use in construction:
 • boards, sheets, panels, tiles and similar articles, not ornamented

This class includes:
- manufacture of concrete ready to pour, i.e. to which water has already been added and which is usually transported in concrete mixer lorries

This class includes:
- manufacture of non-refractory mortars and of concrete not yet mixed with water

This class includes:
- manufacture of panels, boards, tiles, blocks and similar articles of vegetable substances (e.g. wood wool, straw, reeds, rushes) agglomerated with cement, plaster or other mineral binders
- manufacture of articles of asbestos cement or cellulose fibre cement, e.g.:
 • corrugated sheets, other sheets, panels, tiles, tubes, pipes, reservoirs, troughs, basins, sinks, jars, window frames

This class includes:
- manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster or of compositions based on plaster, cement or artificial stone (e.g. statuary, bas- and haut-reliefs, vases, flowerpots)

This class includes:
- cutting, shaping and finishing of stone (e.g. for use in construction, in cemeteries, on roads, as roofing)
- manufacture of stone furniture

This class includes:
- manufacture of millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels, etc., without frameworks, for grinding, sharpening, trueing or cutting, hand sharpening or polishing stones

This class includes:
- manufacture of friction material and unmounted articles thereof with a base of mineral substances or of cellulose
- manufacture of mineral insulating materials, e.g.:
 • slag wool, rock wool and similar mineral wools; exfoliated vermiculite, expanded clays and similar heat-insulating, sound-insulating or sound-absorbing materials
- manufacture of articles of diverse mineral substances, e.g.:
 • worked mica and articles of mica, of peat, of graphite (other than electrical articles)
- manufacture of articles of asphalt or similar material (e.g. petroleum bitumen or coal tar pitch)
- manufacture of carbon and graphite fibres and products (except electrodes and electrical applications)
- manufacture of artificial corundum

This division includes the activities of smelting and/or refining ferrous and non-ferrous metals from ore, pig, metal waste or scrap, using electro-metallurgic and other metallurgical process techniques.

This class includes activities such as the direct reduction of iron ore, production of pig iron in molten or solid form, conversion of pig iron into steel, manufacture of ferro-alloys and manufacture of steel products.

This class includes:
- operation of blast furnaces, steel converters, rolling and finishing mills
- production of pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms
- production of ferro-alloys
- production of ferrous products by direct reduction of iron and other spongy ferrous products
- production of iron of exceptional purity by electrolysis or other chemical processes
- remelting of scrap ingots of iron or steel
- production of granular iron and iron powder
- production of iron and steel in ingots or other primary forms
- production of semi-finished products of iron or steel
- manufacture of hot-rolled and cold-rolled flat-rolled products of iron or steel
- manufacture of hot-rolled bars and rods of iron or steel
- manufacture of hot-rolled open sections of iron or steel
- manufacture of sheet piling of steel and welded open sections of iron or steel
- manufacture of railway track materials (unassembled rails) of iron or steel
- production of blast furnace gas

This class includes:
- manufacture of seamless tubes and pipes of circular or non-circular cross section and of blanks of circular cross section, for further processing, by hot rolling, hot extrusion or by other hot processes of an intermediate product, which can be a bar or a billet obtained by hot rolling or continuous casting
- manufacture of precision and non-precision seamless tubes and pipes from hot-rolled or hot-extruded blanks by further processing, by cold drawing or cold rolling of tubes and pipes of circular cross section and by cold drawing only for tubes and pipes of non-circular cross section and hollow profiles
- manufacture of welded tubes and pipes of an external diameter exceeding 406,4 mm, cold formed from hot-rolled flat products and longitudinally or spirally welded
- manufacture of welded tubes and pipes of an external diameter of 406,4 mm or less of circular cross section by continuous cold or hot forming of hot- or cold-rolled flat products and longitudinally or spirally welded and of non-circular cross section by hot or cold forming into shape from hot- or cold-rolled strip longitudinally welded
- manufacture of welded precision tubes and pipes of an external diameter of 406,4 mm or less by hot or cold forming of hot- or cold-rolled strip and longitudinally welded delivered as welded or further processed, by cold drawing or cold rolling or cold formed into shape for tube and pipe of non-circular cross section
- manufacture of flat flanges and flanges with forged collars by processing of hot-rolled flat products of steel
- manufacture of butt-welding fittings (e.g. elbows and reductions), by forging of hot-rolled seamless tubes of steel
- threaded and other tube or pipe fittings of steel

This group includes manufacturing other products by cold processing of steel.

This class includes:
- manufacture of steel bars, rods, and solid sections of steel by cold drawing, grinding or cold-finishing

This class includes:
- manufacture of coated or uncoated flat-rolled steel products in coils or in straight lengths of a width less than 600 mm by cold re-rolling of hot-rolled flat products or of steel rods

This class includes:
- manufacture of open sections by progressive cold forming on a roll mill or folding on a press of flat-rolled products of steel
- manufacture of cold-formed or cold-folded, ribbed sheets and sandwich panels

This class includes:
- manufacture of drawn steel wire, by cold drawing of steel wire rod

This class includes:
- production of basic precious metals:
 • production and refining of unwrought or wrought precious metals: gold, silver, platinum, etc., from ore and scrap
- production of precious metal alloys
- production of precious metal in semi-manufactured or in powder forms
- cladding of base metals with a covering of silver, gold or platinum, affixed by soldering, brazing, welding, hot-rolling or similar mechanical means

This class includes:
- production of unwrought aluminium, alloyed or not alloyed, from alumina or from aluminium waste and scrap
- manufacture of aluminium bars, rods, profiles and wire
- manufacture of aluminium tubes, pipes, tube and pipe fittings
- manufacture of aluminium plates, sheets and strip, whether or not painted, varnished or coated with plastics
- manufacture of aluminium foil, whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plastics or similar backing materials

This class includes:
- production of unwrought lead, zinc and tin, alloyed or not alloyed, from ores or from lead, zinc or tin waste and scrap
- manufacture of bars, rods, profiles, wire, plates, sheets, strip and foil of lead, zinc or tin

This class includes:
- manufacture of unrefined or refined unwrought copper, alloyed or not alloyed, from ores or from copper waste and scrap
- manufacture of bars, rods, profiles, plates, sheets and strip of copper and copper alloys
- manufacture of wire of copper and copper alloys
- manufacture of tubes, pipes, tube and pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys
- manufacture of copper foil, whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plastics or similar backing materials

This class includes:
- production of unwrought chrome, manganese, nickel, etc., alloyed or not alloyed, from ores or oxides or from electrolytic and aluminothermic refining of chrome, manganese, nickel, etc., waste and scrap
- manufacture of bars, rods, profiles and wire of chrome, manganese, nickel, etc.
- manufacture of plates, sheets, strip and foil of chrome, manganese, nickel, etc.
- production of mattes of nickel
- production of other non-ferrous metals

This class includes:
- production of natural uranium metal and its compounds from pitchblende or other ores
- manufacture of alloys of natural uranium, dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing natural uranium or natural uranium compounds
- smelting and refining of natural uranium

This group includes activities of foundries employing different casting processes to produce castings with all ferrous and non-ferrous metal alloys. Subsequent trimming or descaling of the castings might be included, but without any further processing.

This group includes the manufacture of castings used in various industries.

This class includes activities of iron foundries.

This class includes:
- manufacture of castings made of grey iron castings
- manufacture of castings made of ductile iron castings (including casting of spheroidal graphite iron castings and malleable iron castings)
- manufacture of castings made of other special iron alloys castings

This class includes:
- manufacture of castings made of alloy or common steel castings
- manufacture of castings made of carbon or commercial steel castings
- manufacture of castings made of alloy and high alloy castings
- manufacture of castings made of stainless-steel castings

This class includes:
- activities of foundries of light metal
- manufacture of castings made of aluminium
- manufacture of castings made of magnesium
- manufacture of castings made of titanium